The Role Of Business Ethics Within A Community Essay

Morality and values are contingent on the community’s view and opinions of the issues at hand. As time passes, the community will evolve and the popular interpretation of an issue will influence the acceptance of behavior by the community at large and, in a business setting, it is no different. Business leaders must adhere to accepted cultural and community code of conduct in order be accepted as contributing members of the community. In analyzing the role of business ethics within a community, Joseph Betz (1998) wrote: To live together beneficially, we must act decently or morally with one another. There is no social, economic or political institution which can exist if the participants in it unrestrainedly lie, cheat, steal, injure, threaten or physically endanger one another. (p. 694). As a group, the community must analyze and criticize the behavior of its member in order to arrive at a consensus on the tolerance of business practices and behaviors. However, the community’s inclinations may provide an obstacle to the entry and continuation of business activity within the community. Governments, as representative of the community, will attempt to influence and regulate the behavior of companies to reflect the expectations of the community in which they operate, as is the case of government mandated. â€Å"The main idea behind CSR is also known as the triple bottom line principle, implying that businesses (should) not only serve as economic, but also social andShow MoreRelatedCorporate Roles, Personal Virtues, And The Good Life934 Words   |  4 PagesIn the â€Å"Corporate Roles, Personal Virtues: An Aristotelean Approach to Business Ethics,† Robert Solomon argues that toughness is a virtue, but callousness and indifference is not. Solomon views the Aristotle approach the proper way, because it considers both personal and business values. However, Albert Carr argues that business and personal ethics don’t mix; and game-strategy in business leads to success. In this paper, I will argue that Carr prevails Solomon’s business ethics and his claim. AristotleRead MoreHow Ethics Affects Business Relationships Within An Organization Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages Business ethics, business relationships and leadership make immense contribution towards influencing an organization’s overall existing culture. They all play a key role in an organization s development, success, and achievement through various aspects. There are numerous ways in which business ethics, business relationships, and business leadership affect an organization’s culture. These impacts can have either positive or negative repercussions. Some of the ways through which the business cultureRead MoreThe Difference Between Professionalism And Ethics1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe difference between professionalism and ethics is professionalism talks about staying professional within your business and always staying up to par about what is going on within a business. Ethics talks about the study of decisions and moral judgment. Ethics is the study of what should be, what is the ultimate good and how to achieve it. People have always thought that the primary purpose of business is to serve society. Business must have a society commitment otherwise businesses cannot enjoyRead MoreThe Influence of a Companys Leadership and Culture on Its Business Ethics1541 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which a companys leadership and culture influence its business ethics Definition of Organizational Culture Organizational culture refers to the values and behaviors essential in the contribution or development of unique social and psychological environment with reference to an organization. This is an indication that organizational culture is inclusive of the expectations, philosophy, values, and experiences that focus on holding an organization together with the aim of enhancingRead MoreEthics And The Code Of Ethics1455 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Practices There are many questions about people’s ethics and how they practice it by deciphering between what is right and what is wrong. How we think and behave towards others and how others think and behave towards us is how people live their lives. Doing what is right and personal integrity is two different features of ethics. In a business world, the Code of ethics is â€Å"a company’s written standards of ethical behavior that are designed to guide managers and employees in making theRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. I believe that corporations which are profitable, and promote moral and ethical standards are the benchmark of success; additionally, corporations bear a great social responsibility to the society it exists within, an simply working within â€Å"the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom† is not enoughRead MoreThe Role of Ethics and Law in Creating and Maintaining Efficient Markets 1856 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironmental and social issues, there is a proficient need to educate future business leaders on actually how to run a business in a manner that contributes towards modern day concepts of sustainability and protection of natural resources around the world. The global business leaders of tomorrow will need to be flexible and able to incorporate all aspects of good decision-making in an increasingly complex global business environment. (Berenbeim 2005) Ethical leadership has become vital to the futureRead More Business Ethics Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a diverse field that cannot be defined with a single definition. This area addresses numerous issues, problems, and dilemmas within the management of businesses. Does this through numerous perspectives and methods. Of course, in order to present the complexities of business ethics, we must explore the types of issues that business professionals are continuously confronted with. To understand one must know the definition of corporate ethics as wellRead MoreEthics and Values in Business Sustainability789 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1 Rough Draft Ethics and values can be described as very important to business sustainability. There are ethics which are individual moral principles that govern or influence a person’s behaviour and there are business ethics which are written or unwritten codes of principles or values that govern decisions and actions within an organisation. Values are the context within which an organisation or a society’s norms are established and justified. All these aspects are important to the sustainabilityRead MoreEthics And Social Responsibility859 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Ethics and social responsibility 1. Introduction The contemporaneous business environment is more dynamic and more competitive than ever, reflecting a wide array of changes and challenges emerged from within the micro and the macro environments. An important example at this level is represented by the increasing pressures posed by the various categories of stakeholders. The employees become more knowledgeable, more valuable and as such more demanding; the competition intensifies from both

In Tree At My Window, by Robert Frost. - 2307 Words

In Tree At My Window, Robert Frost addresses a tree growing outside of his bedroom window with these words: But tree...You have seen me when I slept, ... I was taken and swept / And all but lost. / That day she put our heads together, / Fate had her imagination about her, / Your head so much concerned with outer, / Mine with inner, weather. In these lines Frost conveys several emotions and themes that infiltrate many of his works. These common themes include darkness, nighttime, isolation, inner turmoil and the premonition of death. It is through these recurring images that we are able to glimpse into Robert Frosts life, and see how greatly his life effected his poetry. Robert Frost endured many emotional hardships in his life. Some†¦show more content†¦It was during this time of transporting his family back to America that Frost wrote The Road Not Taken. In The Road Not Taken, Frost speaks of Two roads...in a yellow wood and the decision that he must make in choosing one path over the other. He looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth...Then took the other, as just as fair, and scrutinized its possibilities and potential in comparison to the first road. He eventually comes to a decision, deciding to [keep] the first for another day! / Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back. But is he satisfied with his decision? Of course not! I shall be telling this with a sigh / Somewhere ages and ages hence: / Two roads diverged in a wood and I - / I took the one less traveled by, / And that has made all the difference. He is not satisfied with his decision, as is made apparent when he says that he will be telling this with a sigh somewhere in the future. However, one does not have to be satisfied with their decision to accept it. Choosing the road less traveled by has made all th e difference in his life, but Frost does not specify that his choice was the one that produced the best possible outcomes in his life. Many of Frosts poems concern his future and making decisions that will effect the rest of his life. The poem An Old Mans Night was first published at theShow MoreRelated An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay example826 Words   |  4 Pages  An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The poem Tree at my Window was written by Robert Frost, an America poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the tree at my window; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the window tree, as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a window tree, might also suggest that this tree is something he sees through,Read More An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of   Frosts Tree at my Window      Ã‚   Tree at my Window was written by Robert Frost, an American poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). His poem will be the basis of the discussion of this brief essay. The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the tree at my window; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the window tree, as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a window tree, might also suggestRead MoreRobert Frost Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost Robert Frost is one of the few twentieth century poets to receive critical acclaim and popular acceptance (Magill 728). His simplistic style appeals to the novice and expert poetry reader alike. Robert Frosts understated emotional appeal attracts readers of all literary levels. Frost develops subtly stated emotions and a clever use of imagery in his poetry. Influences on his poetry include his family, work, and other life experiences (Oxford 267). Frost also works to developRead MoreAbandonment and Singularity in Robert Frosts Poetry.1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"One is the Loneliest Number† or â€Å"Does Zero Count?† Abandonment and Singularity in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Census- Taker† Robert Frost’s approach to human isolation is always an interesting exploration. His poem of desertion and neglect paired with eternal hopefulness ignite the reader in his poem â€Å"The Census-Taker.† All of the elements of a Frost poem are in this particular poem. â€Å"The Census-Taker† must be from an earlier time in Frost’s career because the poem is written in an open, free verse similarRead MoreAnalysis Of After Apple-Picking By Robert Frost1081 Words   |  5 PagesApple-Picking,† Robert Frost tells the story of an apple-picker who believes that any task completed incorrectly is worthless. Frost’s vivid descriptions of the apple-picker’s experience engage the reader in the poem, causing them to identify with his perspective. However, Frost simultaneously questions the reliability of his judgment by using the metaphor of the apple-picker looking through a window and the exclusion of sensory details to emphasize his detachment f rom reality. Frost begins â€Å"AfterRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 PagesRobert Lee Frost Known for being a New England poet Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26th, 1874. Born to a New England father William Prescott Frost Jr. and a Scottish mother Isabelle Moodie who moved to the west coast from Pennsylvania after marriage (Bailey). Both his parents were teachers and poets themselves, but his father later became a journalist with the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (Bailey). Frost spent 12 years of his life growing up in San Francisco, untilRead MoreComparison Of Alexander Pushkin And Robert Frost3535 Words   |  15 PagesTherese Youso ENG 312: Lyric Poetry Sr. Mary Dominic, O.P. April 28, 2015 Alexander Pushkin and Robert Frost both have written poems about autumn. There is a correlation between these two poems since they share many romantic features. â€Å"Autumn† and â€Å"After Apple-Picking† are both alike and different in many ways. Alexander Pushkin was born in Moscow, Russia and lived from 1799 until 1837. He wrote from a very young age, not only writing poetry, but also dramas and novels. He died in a duel whenRead MoreNotes on Poetry1113 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Poetry A Soldier By Robert Frost He is that fallen lance that lies as hurled, That lies unlifted now, come dew, come rust, But still lies pointed as it plowed the dust. If we who sight along it round the world, See nothing worthy to have been its mark, It is because like men we look too near, Forgetting that as fitted to the sphere, Our missiles always make too short an arc. They fall, they rip the grass, they intersect The curve of earth, and striking, break their own; They makeRead MoreGreen Building Technology3693 Words   |  15 Pagesself-explanatory; heating and cooling alone is a big part of whole energy consumption. Temperature control technology for green building enables reducing such consumption and carbon emission. During summer the sun light directly enters through houses through windows or hits the surfaces of outer building and heats up the whole construction. Four factors affect heat accumulation in a home: solar heat gain, internal heat gain, air leakage, and temperature difference. To solve these problems, approaches such asRead MoreGreen Building Technology3687 Words   |  15 Pagesself-explanatory; heating and cooling alone is a big part of whole energy consumption. Temperature control technology for green building enables reducing such consumption and carbon emission. During summer the sun light directly enters through houses through windows or hits the surfaces of outer building and heats up the whole construction. Four factors affect heat accumulation in a home: solar heat gain, internal heat gain, air leakage, and temperature difference. To solve these problems, approaches such as

Critical Argument Analysis free essay sample

One of the most hot topic issues of late is how the music industry influences our youth, and whether it is detrimental to our society. This hotbed of debate has been strongly reinforced by a thousand fold thanks to the presence of Marshall Mathers, better known as Eminem. There are two essays that have polar opposite opinions as to whether Mathers is blight or a champion in the music industry. Lloyd Eby wrote, â€Å"Why Eminem is a Problem† for The World and I. Obviously, he is very concerned with the reach of influence that Mathers has. Honestly, in terms of citations and outside research to the subject, I do not think he did a very good job of informing his opinion. All Eby seemed to do was actually just mainly write up the history of rock music before even getting to mention Mathers. He spoke about Tipper Gore trying to head the advisory committee to rate music, and Charlton Heston being disgusted with Ice-T’s â€Å"Cop Killa† without really correlating why Eby himself thinks that Mathers is truly a problem. Eby says that children are copying Mathers in terms of language and attitude, but there was no mentioning of where he got this information. Eby is fond of saying how Bill O’Reilly â€Å"understands† this by citing O’Reilly comparing Mathers to Elvis Presley. At least O’Reilly actually attempts to give some sort of testimony as to how evidently Mathers is destroying the very delicate fabric of society by citing anecdotal evidence of two anonymous schoolteachers who have claimed to witness such behavior. It is thin, but at least there is an attempt. Eby really just cites his opinion as to why Mathers is a problem. Again, he goes in the whole history of the PMRC. It is a very thorough write up of the organization, but during this whole history lesson he does not mention whether he feels the organization was a good idea—and why. Eby just recounts it. Same with recounting Charlton Heston reciting the lyrics of â€Å"Cop Killer† to the shareholders of Time Warner. He does not commend, or condone, Heston of doing this act. He just recounts it, and does not transition all of this into the point he is making with his issues with the music of Marshall Mathers. It would not surprise me if he has only listened to a couple of soundbytes from certain songs that make him all concerned about the artist. In contrast, I can believe that Maury P. McCrillis did a lot of research in his opinion in â€Å"Why Eminem is Important†. McCrillis does give the same history censorship history lesson that Eby gives, but he takes the time to take Lynn Chaney, Tipper Gore, and etc., to task about their views with Mathers and the music industry in general. McCrillis does this by giving different interpretations of Mathers’ lyrics as well as explaining the history of Socrates and Plato; while enveloping his interpretations with their works to the topic of Mathers at hand. McCrillis does seem to be a bit unwieldy with his research, but at least he attempts to make a bridge between what he researched, and the topic that he is writing about. Whereas Eby seemed to give a history lesson, and then just went straight to saying Mathers is a problem. In terms of being unwieldy, this is what I mean: â€Å"Those who are concerned with the degeneration of cultural values seem to find supportin the Socratic/Platonic concern with the potentially corrupting influence of imitative art largely because of a dissatisfaction with the Aristotelian notion of catharsis. The notion that art helps to purge emotions which might otherwise manifest themselves in everyday life is interesting but not convincing enough to quell the anxieties of those who fear declining moral standards. Arguing that human beings by nature â€Å"learn or infer† through imitation, Aristotle moved to  rescue art from Socratic suspicions about its moral effects and instead claimed that â€Å"poetry is a higher thing than history because poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular. † This move was also an attempt to pay homage to Socrates’s theory of mimesis. That is, at its worst, art can still help an audience to purge itself of destructive tendencies. At its best, it can portray things as they â€Å"ought† to be; it can be morally instructive. To me, this just revisits the idea that art is good or bad with respect to the extent to which it is in accordance with facts. After all, art can protray things as they ought not to be as well. The notion of catharsis may give art enough integrity in such instances to protect it from being banned or maybe even censored, but ultimately such works become relegated to the dustbin of low art, where they are subjected to social and intellectual suspicion until they are forgotten. Only the art that can be deemed to provide the right moral instruction has the opportunity to be counted as high art, where it can receive serious intellectual consideration and perhaps real, lasting appreciation  and admiration. What McCrillis is saying here is that there are many different artists throughout the times that have been challenged with the accusations of vulgarity, and are now artists that are cited in today’s text. Is he saying that Mathers is going to be on that level? Maybe. He does concede that where he can think some of Mathers’ lyrics can be a bit too blue, but he does point out that Mathers writes what he thinks in terms of irony, and uses Aristotle as an example. A bit much, but that is more than Eby did with his essay.

Which cars students can afford in 2017

Which cars students can afford in 2017 Choosing an affordable car is an important decision for a financially conscious college student. Before the purchase, students can estimate costs for maintaining cars by projecting the expenses. This list of 10 affordable vehicles for students can help them make the right choice. Nissan Versa MSRP: $10,710 EPA Mileage: 29 MPG Nissan Versa is a smart choice for the financially conscious student.   In spite of its small cost, it offers Vehicle Dynamic Control with Traction Control System, AM/FM/CD audio system, rear intermittent windshield wiper with washer, and auxiliary audio input jack.   This car is equipped with 3 type of transmission – manual, automatic, and continuously variable transmission. Hyundai Accent MSRP: $10,690 EPA Mileage: 31 MPG The Hyundai Accent stands on the second position in our list. It is a perfect choice for a cost-conscious student. This car can definitely boast its sleek styling, affordability, a 10-year/100,000-mile drivetrain warranty, and a 5-year/ 60,000 – mile basic warranty. It is famous for its best-in-class standard fuel economy and power. The Hyundai Accent`s highway fuel economy of 40 mpg is an 18 percent improvement over its predecessor`s 34 mpg highway manual transmission fuel economy rating. Chevrolet Aveo MSRP: $12,685 EPA Mileage: 30 MPG Chevrolet Aveo is equipped with a 5-year/100,000-mile limited powertrain coverage warranty and a 3-year/ 36,000 – mile limited coverage warranty. It is considered to be one of the most economical cars for students. Smart ForTwo MSRP: $12, 635 EPA Mileage: 36 MPG The price tag makes this car perfect for a college student. It has a 2-year/24,000-mile limited warranty. The Smart ForTwo is a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2-seater hatchback city car. Toyota Yaris MSRP: $13,335 EPA Mileage: 32 MPG This car is affordable for a modern student. Toyota Yaris boasts of its beautiful styling, reliability, and affordability. It has a 3-year/36,000 basic warranty and a 5-year/60-mile powertrain coverage warranty. Petrol engines are equipped with a system of variable timing. Beside the basic 1.0-liter 65 hp plant, the Yaris is also powered by the new 1.3-liter 87 hp petrol engine and directly injected 1.4-liter 75 hp D-4D diesel. Kia Rio MSRP: $12,390 EPA Mileage: 31 MPG This car comes with a 5-year/60,000 mile limited basic warranty and a 10-year/100,000 mile powertrain warranty. It has attractive styling with well designed and maintained interiors. The body styling of Kia Rio includes five door and four door hatchback and sedan styles. It is outfitted with diesel as well as gasoline engines. Suzuki SX4 MSRP: $14,094 EPA Mileage: 26 MPG Technical characteristics of Suzuki SX4 provide confident traction and safety. With its modeling and choice of trim packages, it is a perfect car for college students. It has a 7-year/100,000 mile limited powertrain warranty and a 3-year/36,000 mile new vehicle limited warranty. Kia Soul MSRP: $13,995 EPA Mileage: 28 MPG Kia Soul is an affordable car which offers a menu of customization options. It has a 10-year/100,000 mile powertrain warranty and a 5-year/60,000 mile limited basic warranty. This model is available within inline four holder cylinder gas engines. Base model has 1.6 liter producing 91 kW with manual transmission. Kia Forte MSRP: $14, 390 EPA Mileage: 29 MPG Kia Forte is among the most fuel-efficient vehicles for students. It has a 10-year/100,000 mile powertrain warranty and a 5-year/60,000 mile limited basic warranty. This car is offered with a 1.8 L DOHC engine that produces 148 HP with total torsion of about 131 pound-feet. Kia Forte includes LED headlights, and tail lights as standard features. Hyundai Elantra MSRP: $14,865 EPA Mileage: 28 MPG Hyundai Elantra is one of the most attractive cars for students. It offers a 10-year/100,000- mile drivetrain warranty and a 5-year/60,000-mile basic warranty.

Contemporary Art Answer Essays - Post-Impressionism, Free Essays

Contemporary Art Answer Essays - Post-Impressionism, Free Essays Contemporary art is art produced after 1946 up until this present day. It seems to overlap modern art as modern art did not necessarily diminish until later on. For example, Jeff Koons would be considered a contemporary artist because he has been producing art after 1946, in our lifetime. Of course, with every time period, new art ideas will almost always receive backlash from the media and may be considered shocking. For example, in 2015 when Sacramento was set to erectan $8 million public sculpture (Coloring Book) by HYPERLINK "artnet.com/artists/jeff-koons/" \t "_blank" Jeff Koonsoutside its new basketball arena, not everyone was a fan of the plan. It was intended to capture a child's ecstatic enjoyment of the world, but other artists and critics had mentioned that it does not feel inspired by the movement that created the arena and it does not represent our city or where it's going. Many do not seem to see the enjoyment he is portraying in his work, much like his Balloon Dog.Not only do we see this backlash in this period of contemporary art, but also in previous periods of art, such as post impressionism (modern art). Paul Gauguins Self Portrait with Halo and Snake (1889) caused quite a stir due to Gauguin representing himself as a saint, or saint-like, by including a halo above his head. Of course throughout the decades art has constantly been changing due to the technological advances and the changes that have been made in society as well; art is always responding to real things. Paul Gauguins Self-portrait with Halo and Snake was influenced by HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e" \o "Ukiyo-e" Japanese wood-block printsand HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonnism" \o "Cloisonnism" cloisonnism, completed several years after he had visited Tahiti. HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Halo_and_Snake" \l "cite_note-conisbee-14" In the painting, Gauguin wears the saffron colored robe of a Buddhist monk, perhaps influenced by Van Gogh's earlierSelf-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin (1888). During that time period, art was heavily influenced by Japanese prints and the impression other artists had left behind in their paintings to inspire other artists in the future. In this current period of contemporary art, Jeff Koons art is inspired by popular culture subjects and reproductions of banal objects; Balloon dog made from stainless steel with a transparent colour coating. His piece that was supposedly meant to be displayed outside the basketball arena was influenced by the enjoyment a child possesses in such simple things in life, much like his other art pieces such as his giant balloon figures. As mentioned before, both artists have received backlash and controversy for their artwork and it is safe to say that almost every artist should expect some sort of a backlash for their art in any time period or context. Art is never perfect and never will be perfect; others may see your artwork diffe rently than you do and interpret its meaning differently than intended. Therefore, although some viewers may be able to have a certain likeness to an artists artwork, the piece will never gain full acceptance of its entire audience. Some art can be appreciated in hindsight as a comment of that time period. Paul Gauguins self-portrait may have created backlash in his time period, but as we intellectually study its meaning and the influence of the piece, we can determine the intentions he or other artists had during that time period. Many people often find Jeff Koons art quite odd, such as his sculpture Coloring Book and Balloon Dog, but in the next time period of art, they may look back and study its meaning and intentions, predicting the motives he and possibly other artists had during that time period. Jeff Koons is a great example of a contemporary artist who intends to show the simplest pleasures in life through his artwork, allowing anyone to understand its simplicity and enjoy every moment of it. Jeff Koons Balloon Dog Paul Gauguin Self Portrait with Halo and Snake

What Are the Benefits of Recycling Metal

What Are the Benefits of Recycling Metal The United States recycles 150 million metric tons of scrap materials annually, including 85 million tons of iron and steel, 5.5 million tons of aluminum, 1.8 million tons of copper, 2 million tons of stainless steel, 1.2 million tons of lead and 420,000 tons of zinc, according to the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI). Other metals such as chrome, brass, bronze, magnesium, and tin are recycled as well. What Are the Benefits of Recycling All That Metal? By definition, mining metal ores and refining them into usable metals is unsustainable; the amount of metals present on earth is fixed when considering (at least when considering any useful geological time scale). However, metals are easily recycled and reused, providing renewed opportunities for their use without having to mine and refine more of it. Thus, issues associated with mining like can be avoided, like  acid mine drainage.  By recycling, we reduce the need to manage extensive and potential dangerous piles of mine tailings.   U.S. Exports Recycled Metal In 2008, the scrap recycling industry generated $86 billion and supported 85,000 jobs. The recycled materials that the industry processes into raw material feedstock every year are used for industrial manufacturing around the world. For example, 25% of the steel used in production car panels (doors, hood, etc.) is obtained from recycled materials. For copper, used in the home building industry for electric wires and plumbing pipes, that proportion surpasses 50%. Each year, the United States exports staggering amounts of scrap metals - called scrap commodities  -  contributing significantly to U.S. trade balances. For example, in 2012 the U.S. exported $3 billion worth of aluminum, $4 billion of copper, and $7.5 billion of iron and steel. Metal Recycling Saves Energy and Natural Resources Recycling scrap metal reduces the substantial amounts of  greenhouse gas emissions  produced during the various smelting and processing operations used when making metal from virgin ore. At the same time, the amount of energy used is also much smaller. Energy  savings using various recycled metals compared to virgin ore is up to: 92 percent for aluminum 90 percent for copper 56 percent for steel These savings are significant, especially when scaled up to large production capacities. Indeed, according to the U.S.Geological Survey, 60% of steel production comes directly from recycled iron and steel scrap. For copper, the proportion coming from recycled materials reaches 50%. Recycled copper is almost as valuable as new copper, making it a common target for scrap metal thieves. Metal recycling also conserves natural resources. Recycling one ton of steel conserves 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds of limestone. Water is also used in great quantities in the manufacturing of many metals. According to an industry source, through recycling steel the amount of energy conserved would be enough to power 18 million homes for an entire year.  Recycling a ton of aluminum conserves up to 8 tons of bauxite ore and 14-megawatt hours of electricity.That figure does not even account for shipping the bauxite from where it is mined, generally in South America.  The total amount of energy saved in 2012 by making aluminum from recycled material added up to 76 million megawatt hours of electricity.​ Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Rist in Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Rist in Financial Management - Essay Example Many methods have been developed over the years to effectively appraise the investment proposals. These methods have been broadly bifurcated into two, namely Non- Discounting Method and Discounting Method. The main difference between these two is that discounting methods applies the concept of time value of money for the evaluation of proposals whereas the non-discounting methods do not. However, all methods primarily rely on the future cash flows of project/proposal, which are compared with the initial investment to carry out a cost benefit analysis. In the cost benefit analysis of a project, the cash outflows incurred in connection with the project including working capital is compared with cash inflows to ascertain whether inflows outweigh outflows and vice versa. If the inflows exceed the outflows of a project, then the project will be suggested for acceptance, provided all other parameters are acceptable. But, there is a crucial issue in evaluating the project proposal which is not given much importance in any of the two mentioned methods. This is related to the risks involved in the future cash flows on the basis of project selection/rejection is made. It is known for all that future cash flows from a project can be expected, but the question is how much or what is the volume of cash flows that are likely to be received from a project. There is an uncertainty in this regard and such an uncertainty is called risk in capital budgeting. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate the risks involved in each project by certain methods. Usually, the future cash flows are adjusted for the risks to incorporate the uncertainty with regard to its availability. The most commonly used three methods are: 1. Scenario Analysis 2. Break-even Analysis 3. Decision Tree Analysis Scenario Analysis: "Scenario analysis is a method of assessing probable future occurrences by taking into account alternate probable consequences or scenarios. Scenario analysis was planned to enable quality decision making by appropriating more comprehensive conditions of results and what they entail." (Scenario Analysis. 2008). In scenario analysis, several variables are varied at a time. Most commonly three scenarios are considered: expected (normal) scenario, pessimistic scenario and optimistic scenario. In the normal scenario, all variables expect assume their expected values; in the pessimistic scenario, all variables value their pessimistic values; and in the optimistic scenario all variables assume their optimistic values. "The process of estimating the expected value of a portfolio after a given period of time, assuming specific changes in the values of the portfolio's securities or key factors that would affect security values, such as changes in the interest rate." (Scenario Analysis: What d oes Scenario Analysis Mean 2008). Break-even Analysis: "A break even analysis is a method, which denotes what is the ideal quantity of production and the minimal amount of sales to guarantee that there is no monetary loss of a project. Break even analysis forms an integral part of capital budgeting." (Break Even Analysis. 2008). In break-even analysis, the most important thing for the project appraiser is how much should be produced and sold at a minimum to ensure that the

Alternative energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternative energy - Research Paper Example solution to the most critical problems that the world has today, especially in reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which deteriorates global warming (International Energy Agency, "Solar Energy Perspectives"). Solar energy is, by far, the most experienced form of energy due to its accessibility, and the ease of converting solar energy to electricity. Many solar energy conversion technologies present sustainable and promising potentials in providing renewable energy that does not only reduces the cost of electricity but could also deliver effective mitigating solutions to the environmental problems we have today. The International Energy Agency expresses its confidence over the positive impacts that solar energies could bring to the world. The agency states that the creation of low-cost, unlimited and untainted solar energy technologies will have "huge longer-term benefits" (International Energy Agency, "Solar Energy Perspectives"). The energy agency adds that the stable generation of solar power through the use of solar energy conversion technologies will ensure energy security in many countries; and will cut dependence on power plants that use radioactive materials, which are potentially pernicious to human health. It will also lower down the energy cost, improve sustainability, will help reduce pollution, and will lessen the effects of climate change. Therefore, the agency stresses that since this innovative approach requires substantial amount of financial investments, a careful planning must be employed for an efficient expenditure of financial resources (International Energy Agency, "S olar Energy Perspectives"). Normally, the Earth obtains a sizeable load of radiation from the sun. On average, our planet takes at least 174 pent watts of solar energy (Smil 240). Of this, 70 percent is absorbed by the Earth by the clouds, oceans, and ground forms including the mountains and the plains among others. The sun’s rays could either be

Bureaucracy Notes Essay Example for Free

Bureaucracy Notes Essay The Nature of Bureaucracy A bureaucracy is the name given to a large organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions. They are generally characterized by an organization chart. Public bureaucracies are basically any organization. They do not have a single set of leaders; they serve the citizenry. Private bureaucracies are those that have a single set of leaders-it’s board of directors. Government bureaucracies are not organized to make a profit. The Weberian Model of the modern bureaucracy which was developed by the German sociologist Max Weber, who viewed bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are based on logical reasoning. The Acquisitive Model of bureaucracy that views top-level bureaucrats as seeking to expand the size of their budgets and staffs to gain greater power. Â  The Monopolistic Model is a model of bureaucracy that compares bureaucracies to monopolistic business firms. Lack of competition in either circumstance leads to inefficient and costly operations. Administrative Agencies are a federal, state, or local government unit established to perform a specific function. Administrative agencies are created and authorized by legislative bodies to administer and enforce specific laws. The Size of the Bureaucracy Excluding the military, the federal bureaucracy includes approximately 2.7 government employees. Since the 1970’s the growth of bureaucracy has been mainly at the and local levels. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy The executive branch, which employs most of of the government’s staff, has four major types of structures: Cabinet Departments One of the 15 departments of the executive branch (State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Education, Energy, Transportation, and Veterans Affairs). They are the major organizations of the federal government. Each department is headed by a Secretary and has several levels of undersecretaries, assistant secretaries, and so on. President’s theoretically have considerable control over these departments, however, sometimes they fail to follow the President’s wishes. Independent Executive Agencies are bureaucratic organizations that are not located within a department but report directly to the president, who appoints their chief officials. Independent Regulatory Agencies are typically responsible for a specific type of public pol icy. Their function is to make and implement rules and regulations in a particular sphere of action to protect the public interest. It is an agency outside the major executive departments charged with making and implementing rules and regulations. Members of regulatory agency boards are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate. The President can influence them by appointing people of their own parties or individuals who share their political views when vacancies occur., in particular when the chair is vacant. Government Corporation an agency of government that administers a quasi-business enterprise. These corporations are used when activities are primarily commercial. It differs from public and private corporations. Private corporations have shareholders who elect a board of directors, who in turn choose the corporate officers, such as the president and vice president. When it makes a provide, it has to pay taxes. A government corporation has a board of directors and managers but not stockholders. We cannot buy shares of stock under this. Profits remain in within the corporation under the government corporation. Capture is the act by which an industry being regulated by a government agency gains direct or indirect control over agency personnel and decision makers. Challenges to the Bureaucracy The federal bureaucracy is both complex and very specialized. Every department has it’s own goals, missions, and constituents. Some of these problems that occur within each department require more than one agency, causing overlapping jurisdictions to cause confusion and problems that no one has the authority to potentially solve. Terrorism was a challenge because it needed to be organized in order to stop it. The main problem with this was integrating agencies whose missions were very different.. Another was dealing with natural disasters. Natural Disasters leave people without power and without a home, and potentially causing many deaths. So many agencies and levels of government must be coordinated that sometimes responses are delayed and aid does not get to the victims in a timely way. It’s the struggle of the citizens themselves. Staffing the Bureaucracy Two categories of bureaucrats: Political Appointees The president can make political appointments to most of the top jobs in the federal bureaucracy. Civil Servants The president can also appoint ambassadors to foreign posts. The rest of the national governments’ employees belong to the civil service and obtain their jobs through a much more formal process. Civil Service Act of 1883 The size of the bureaucracy increased by 300 percent between 1851 and 1881, the cry for civil service reform became louder. Spoils System is an application of the principle that to the victor belong the spoils. It’s the awarding of government jobs to political supporters and friends. Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act) was passed placing the first limits on the spoils system. It is an act that established the principle of employment on the basis of merit and created the Civil Service Commission to administer the personnel service. Merit System is the selection, retention, and promotion of government employees on the basis of competitive examinations. Civil Service Commission is the initial central personnel agency of the national government, created in 1883. Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform The most important actual and proposed reforms in the last several decades include: Sunshine Laws The Government in the Sunshine Act is a law that requires all committee directed federal agencies to conduct their business regularly in public session. Sunshine laws, today, exist at all levels of government. Sunset Laws The Sunset Legislation are laws requiring that existing programs be reviewed regularly for their effectiveness and be terminated unless specifically extended as a result of these reviews. It places government programs on a definite schedule for Congressional consideration. This idea was originally suggested by Franklin D. Roosevelt, however his proposal was never adopted. Privatization is the replacement of government services with services provided by private films. It occurs when government services are replaced by services from the private sector. Some people believe that they could be provided more efficiently. It is most successful at the local level. Incentives for Efficiency to make things better, state governments focus on maximizing the efficiency and productivity of government workers by providing incentives for improved performance. More Protection for so-called Whistleblowers Whistleblowers are people who bring public attention gross governmental inefficiency or an illegal action. They may be clerical workers, managers, or even specialists, like scientists. Some state and federal laws encourage employees to blow the whistle on their employers’ wrongful actions by providing monetary incentives to the whistleblowers. Bureaucrats as Political and Policy Makers Because Congress is unable to oversee the day-to-day administration of its programs, it must delegate certain powers to administrative agencies. Enabling Legislation is a statute enacted by Congress that authorizes the creation of an administrative agency and specifies the name, purpose, composition, functions, and powers of the agency being created. The agencies should put into effect laws passed by Congress. They provide relatively little guidance to agency administrators as to how the laws should be implemented; meaning that the agencies must decide how best to carry out the wishes of Congress. In the rule making environment EXAMPLE: Suppose that Congress passes a new air pollution law. The Environmental Protection Agency might decide to implement the new law through a technical regulation on factory emission. This proposed regulation would be published in the Federal Register, a daily government publication, so that interested parties would have an opportunity to comment on it. Individuals and companies that opposed the rule might then try to convince the EPA to revise it. Some parties might try to persuade the agency to withdraw the legislation. There is a 60-day waiting period before the rule can be enforced. Bureaucrats are policy makers. The Iron triangle is the three-way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests. Issue Network is a group of individuals or organizations which may consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts that supports a particular policy position on a given issue. It describes the policy making process. Members of a particular issue network work together to influence the president, member of Congress, administrative agencies, and the courts to affect public policy on a specific issue. Each policy issue may involve conflicting positions taken by two or more issue networks. Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy Congress has the power of the purse and theoretically could refuse to authorize or appropriate funds for a particular agency. Congress has the legal authority to decide whether to fund or not to fund administrative agencies and can exercise oversight over agencies through investigations and hearings. Congressional Committees conduct investigations and hold hearings to oversee an agency’s actions, reviewing them to ensure compliance with congressional intentions. The agency’s officers and employees can be ordered to testify before a committee about the details of an action. Through these oversight activities, especially int eh questions and comments of member of the House of Representatives or the Senate during the hearings, Congress indicates its positions on specific programs and issues. One theory of Congressional control over the bureaucracy suggests that Congress cannot possibly oversee all of the bureaucracy. Two possible approaches police control and the fire alarm approach. The fire alarm approach is more likely to discover gross inadequacies in a bureaucracy’s job performance. Congress and its committees react to scandal, citizen disappointment, and massive negative publicity by launching a full-scale investigation into whatever agency is suspected of wrongdoing.

Urban sprawl Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Halloween, Sean Clancy had the most original costume in his southern Pennsylvania neighborhood. The base layer of his costume wasn’t very exciting at all- a flannel shirt, jeans and boots. However, the next layer really made Clancy’s costume memorable. He tucked a street sign into his belt and draped a GAP bag from his left pocket. He hung a Coke can from his thigh and pinned a Sunoco gas rebate banner on his right knee. A KFC sign was just above his left knee, and Clancy’s mask was a US road atlas. Even among all the goblins, ghouls, ghosts, and Lord of the Rings characters, Clancy was the scariest creature of them all. Urban Sprawl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the emergence of prefabricated housing in preplanned neighborhoods in the 1950s, the Pleasantville ethic has brought more than half of the country’s population to the suburbs. Yet while the suburban value system has improved the quality of our lives, it has tarnished the quality of our character. This trend of modernization was recognized by Henry David Thoreau more than a century ago, when he wrote that â€Å"While society has been improving our homes, it has not improved the men who are to inhabit them. It has created palaces, but it has not been so quick to create noblemen and kings.† It seems that today’s kings and queens lord over backyard bar-b-q’s, and ride in SUV chariots. But the purpose of this speech isn’t to criticize these kings and queens. What I take issue with is the society that makes them royalty. Herein lies the problem: Our society has come to idealize a destructive vision of the American way of lifeâ₠¬â€one that puts up white picket fences to keep out our neighbors. Rather than valuing what the suburbs used to stand for—community and opportunity—now we first, embrace isolation, and second endorse exclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clancy’s roadmap Halloween mask may have been clever—but it was probably useless. Roads connecting the suburbs to other locations spring up so fast, maps can’t keep up. Many parts of the country lack public transportation that would integrate our communities rather than isolate them. According to the April 28, 2002 New York Times Magazine, â€Å"In most parts of the country, people now spend more on transportation than on medical care, education, clothing and entertainment- combined.† In Atlanta, the average person wa... ... can’t change the ours in the work week or even our commute we can take the time to make time to spend with our family and friends. Getting beyond isolation is only half the solution. Perhaps most importantly, we need to start considering the well-being of others as integral to our own well being. Being part of a community doesn’t mean just reaping it’s benefits. It means accepting that one of our responsibilities is to consider the well-being of those around us. As individuals, we need to start thinking of ourselves as part of a community, and acting knowing that what we do affects those around us. Our sprawling lifestyle simply means that—like it or not—we’ve enlarged our communities and increased the lives we effect with our actions. Pursue luxury and the American dream, but take ownership of its impacts. For the not-so-huddled masses of suburbia, there’s still something appealing about the white picket fences, the 2.2 kids, golden retrievers and even the distinguished title of soccer mom. Granted, giving up the SUV may disqualify us for membership in the manly fraternity of Those Who Haul Things, but through interconnectedness and diversity, it will make us better neighbors.

Analyse the considerations that regulate when an athlete returns to play after an injury Essay

The considerations that regulate when an athlete is able to return to play after an injury includes indicators or readiness to return to play, monitoring progress, psychological readiness, specific warm up procedures, return to play policies and procedures as well as ethical considerations. It is imperative that an athlete’s injury has recovered, their fitness and skills are close to pre-injury levels and also that their confidence in their injury is 100%. Training pain free and having full mobility return to the injured site are clear indicators of readiness for return to play. In order to measure an athlete’s readiness after returning from an injury they must go through various physical tests to test their fitness and basic skills needed to perform in their sport. For example, a netballer returning from an injured ankle would be tested on her agility through drills including side stepping and dogging. Her match fitness could be tested in a practice game situation at training provided she is pain free and has complete mobility. Monitoring progress through both pre-tests and post-tests is essential to an athletes recovery in order to determine if they have or have not gained the necessary fitness and skills after injury. Ongoing tests, discussions between athlete and physio, visual observations of the athlete and video footage are all means which may be used to appropriately measure the athlete’s progress. Thus, appropriate pre and post tests can significantly help trainers to evaluate and develop particular training programs that will help to athlete return to play quicker after an injury. E.g A swimmer could monitor their progress of an injured arm by measuring the range of movement pre and post training. An athlete’s psychological can be effectively measured by discussions between the athlete, coach and sports psychologist, visual observations and anxiety levels. An athlete returning to sport before they’re psychologically ready can lead to fear, anxiety, re-injury, depression and a decrease in performance. For example, a 100m sprinter who tore his hamstring from jumping out of the blocks may find it psychologically tough to reach their maximum force produced pre-injury. An injured athlete may need to go through a more specific warm up and stretching routine in order to achieve maximum recovery and minimise the chance or re-injury. Thus, extra care and time at the injured site is crucial to ensuring that adequate blood flow, increased flexibility and readiness to perform occur. E.g A soccer player may need to do their own specific warm up program set by their physio separate to the team. Return to play policies and procedures vary with sports, as they may be determined by overall governing bodies or by individual sporting clubs. However, coaches, sports administrators and sports medicine practitioners play a vital role in establishing guidelines for when an injured athlete can return or wether they can play with the injury. For example, a water polo player may need to get their pectoral injury cleared by their team physio in order play. Ethical considerations play a vital role in determining when an athlete returns to play. Athletes ask themselves, ‘When is the right time to play?’ Unfortunately, there are internal and external pressures such as temptation, fear of losing their position on the team, pressure from sponsors and media as well as boredom, sometimes luring them into returning to play before they’re ready. Thus, this could easily lead to an athlete using painkillers or similar drugs from rapid advances in drug technology, in order to continue playing.

A Subaltern’s Love Song Essay

â€Å"A Subaltern’s Love Song† is a rhapsodic poem that details the poet’s real-life infatuation. Betjeman does not use the military definition of subaltern here, but instead is referring to someone in an inferior position. The author struggles, somewhat happily, against his love interest as she continually bests him at tennis. In Literature, poems can often be very difficult for one to comprehend and interpret the author’s perspective. Many people grew only being exposed to the basic â€Å"Roses are red, violets are blue† form of poetic expression, so anything that fails to employ simple rhythmic phrases can be somewhat aloof to some people. Poetry is one of the most artistic forms of literature because it influences the author to express big thoughts and imaginations in somewhat of an abbreviated writing style, in contrast to essays, short stories, and many more. A Subaltern’s Love Song by John Betjeman is an example of poetry that takes the reader on a journey of music and a love story. It was not until I actually read through the poem once did I realize that the title â€Å"A Subaltern’s Love Song† would actually allude to the character of this poem. The context of this poem is most certainly romantic, and indicative of a love story, however the form of the poem actually has a rhythm to it. I am not exactly certain if the author purposefully paralleled the word â€Å"song† in the title with music, but it was something that stuck out to me and was one of the things that did capture my interest in this particular poetic work. Due to the fact that I am a one who enjoys reading love stories, my imagination was most certainly ignited by reading this poem. Another thing that particularly stuck out to me about this poem was the use of ambiguity regarding the soldier and the love interest. The author was successful in my opinion with his use of ambiguity to â€Å"raise questions and suggest outcomes. † (Clugston, 2010) All of the aforementioned components of â€Å"A Subaltern’s Love Song† allowed me to be an active and responsive reader while I was reading this. The archetypal approach is the best analytical approach that can be used to describe this poem. The poems does not direct it attention to only one sole approach. Because the poem is not just limited to the author’s feelings or way of thinking but it is delivered in a manner that the author has you thinking of different ways to show your love. The archetypal approach is being used in line five where it states â€Å"Love-thirty, love-forty, oh! Weakness of joy† (Clugston, 2010). It relates the weakness to as getting older in life and taking a chance on love. This also shows his progress through life in which he learns to love and finally ask for marriage. Were in the last stanza of the poem it sums up the whole meaning of the poem. A good poem should write in such a way that it does not immediately reveal all of its secrets. But neither should the language be couched in such arcane and esoteric terms that discovering its meaning become impenetrable. Poem is not a synonym for puzzle. When the inherent message of a poem becomes impossible to understand, then it becomes a more of an ordeal than a pleasure. The references should, in my view, be accessible to scrutiny in such a way that its treasures are unlocked upon careful and considered reading. A deliberately confusing poem serves no purpose other than to prove what a smart Alec the poet is. A Subaltern’s Love Song is a perfect example of a well-structured poem. Upon first reading this seems little more than a clever poem written about a few posh twerps with too much time on their hands. But, there is so much more going on. It’s a love story that was not directly stated and I enjoyed the reading.

Differentiating between Market Structures

Differentiating between Market Structures The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. This paper will cover the advantages and limitation of supply and demand identified in the simulation, the effectiveness of the organization, and how the organizations in each market structure maximizes profits.The simulation looks at all four types of market structure within the East-West Transportation Company. There are four divisions that operate within each of the four market structures. The divisions are Consumer Goods, Coal, Chemical and Forest Products.In the first scenario, the decision must be made whether to continue operations or shut down operations. After completing the simulation, it pointed towards continuing with operations in a perfect competition market. In the scenario the market demand curve is downward sloping, each seller perceives the i ndividual demand curve facing him or her to be perfectly elastic at a given price.Marginal profit is the difference between a firm's...Given this scenario this demand curve and the cost structures, sellers try to produce and output at maximized profit.The second scenario has the company looking at the coal division, which operates in the monopoly structure. Tanya Roy pointed out that the law of demand holds in a monopoly. At a high price, quantity demanded is high and profit would not need to be high. For a monopolist, price exceeds marginal revenue. Thus, at the output where Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost, you extend the quantity line to the demand curve to determine the price to charge for this output. The demand curve is facing in a downward slope in the monopolist structure.In the third scenario the market structure is oligopoly- duopoly in the Chemical Division. The industry marginal cost...

Building a Network

Building a Network The Web abounds with writers who ponder how to develop that proverbial network thats supposed to represent their 1,000true fansthose fans who are supposed to make our growth possible. Those fans who want anything we have to offer, and tell others about it. In case you are not familiar with the concept, read these articles. You need to know. Your 1,000 True Fanshttp://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2008/03/1000-true-fans.html A 20-Step Process for Finding Your 1,000 True Fanscopyblogger.com/20-steps-1000-fans/ 1,000 True Fanskk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php But writers fail to build these fans. Either they are blind to the opportunities when they present themselves, or they profess they have no time. In either case, they set themselves up to fail. And when they need those fans the most, they fuss about not having them. I know you have limited time. Every other person on the planet has limited time. The successful manage their time more efficiently. So its on you, my friend. That is, assuming you seriously want to be a writer. So . . . to earn those true-blue 1,000 fans, you need to: 1) Return emails to anyone with the slightest interest in your work, without exception. Regardless of what you think of them, regardless of how serious you think they are about their writing, regardless of how quirky, angry, bubble-headed, or tacky they are. You are not in this business to judge. You are in this business to write, and in this effort, you have no right to be selective about who has the potential to like your work. In other words, enjoy anyone who likes reading and writing. Were all different. There is no right or wrong. 2) At conferences, collect those business cards, and upon your return home, reach out and rejuvenate that connection. Be gracious. 3) Be liberal in your Facebook and Twitter connections and friends. 4) Be bold in your profiles on any online resource (Twitter, Facebook, Goodreads, Amazon, Pinterest, Google, LinkedIn, etc.). Liberal means being upfront about what type writer you are. Show others you mean business in this writing business. 5) Reach out. Whether you have a newsletter or keep a blog, communicate. If you dont have time for your fans, why should they have time for you? 6) Smile. Enjoy others company. Appreciate people. Sounds like work, doesnt it. Duh! Of course it is. But its the most rewarding work, outside of writing your stories, that you can accomplish. Assuming you want to put WRITER on your tax return under PROFESSION.

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

HRD - Essay Example One of the major roles of human resource management in an organization is staffing as no single organization is in a position to run its operations without employees, both fully functional and support staff. As such human resource development sees the recruitment and selection of human resources, read employees, into the organization. This occurs after human resource development runs planning for human resources where they determine the employees required to meet the goals and achieve set targets for the organization. Recruitment involves attracting qualified applicants for a job that exists in the organization and the qualifications should meet the job description, while selection involves human resource management selecting from the qualified applicants that are best suited (â€Å"Introduction to human†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , n.d.). The other role of human resources is orientation into an organization where after hiring; an employee is expected to familiarize himself or herself with the or ganization and its functions and operations. In this case, human resource development plays its role in orientation, where it acquaints its employees with aspects of the organizations so that the employee is comfortable in the organization and ready to work based on the information that is passed on to him or her during this process. Human resource development provides information on the basics and other information that an employee collects and creates in the process of working in then organization, but most of it is the basics that are provided at orientation (â€Å"Introduction to human†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , n.d.). The third important role of human resource development is training and development, where it provides employees with skills and knowledge to perform their tasks and fulfill their duties responsibly and as per organizational objectives. In this role, human resource development provides training for new employees who

ITM501 MoD 1 SLPMgt Infor & Bus Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ITM501 MoD 1 SLPMgt Infor & Bus Strategy - Essay Example The Mozilla Firefox provides numerous features that are convenient for every Internet user. Many prefer this web browser to others because it is fast and makes surfing more convenient with the Google toolbar. With this, one can open different tabs, thus, being in a better position to collect some adequate information on a subject. When tabs are closed, the Mozilla Firefox offers an opportunity to retrieve the history and restore it back. The Mozilla Firefox creates a strong platform for users to restore the last session and all the closed tabs even when systems crash. In the 21st century, this web browser provides a built spell checker to correct texts and email automatically. Firefox has many features such as a phishing detector, a sandbox security model, and a tool option to clear all the private information or data. These features are designed to boost security especially on a private site used in the workplace. Still, some people prefer using this web browser when using social ne tworking sites such as Twitter or Facebook. Sea Monkey is a free Web browser, which some users prefer in today’s society. Although the web browser is not commonly used, there are some features that attract a small segment of people. These features include the high support of multiple accounts, message filters, junk mail, a dictionary, customized labels, and an address book. These features help one to multitask and correct grammar mistakes. Still, this web browser is the most convenient because one can document some notes or memo while still searching for information in the Internet. Many prefer this web browser since it supports basic text styling and text formatting, insertion of images and hyperlinks, and creation of tables. Since this browser is built on the code of Mozilla’s sources, its Internet browser benefits most from the Mozilla security functions. This browser safeguards online threats such as root kits, fraudulent phishing websites, and viruses. One can als o update new security updates from the Sea Monkey site. This web browser is easy to install, access, and utilize (Lemay & Colburn, 2011). Opera Web Browser is a known browser established by Opera Software with over a million users across the globe. This browser handles common Internet tasks such as interpreting HTML and Web Sites. This browser uses a new interface that offers a device a sleek and modern appearance, which attracts many users to utilize it. The most important thing about this browser is that it saves money of data charges because Opera Mini utilizes a fraction of the data utilized by other browsers. It is an ultimate browser because it has the ability to delete private data just like other web browsers such as Mozilla. The most appealing and attractive features include page zooming, tabbed browsing, mouse gestures, and an integrated download manager. When a computer crashes, the user is in a better position to retrieve the tabs that were running. With this, this brows er is appealing to many as it offers a great opportunity to enjoy the benefits offered by other browsers that are commonly used in today’s society such as Mozilla Firefox. So, the common similarities of these browsers include the following: they all can retrieve the lost data and history, thus giving the user an easy opportunity to restore and access the lost information. Secondly, the three browsers can delete private da

Acupuncture is an effective treatment for Pre Menstrual Syndrome Essay

Acupuncture is an effective treatment for Pre Menstrual Syndrome - Essay Example Acupuncture is the process of inserting thin needles into specific parts of the body to release blocked energy and eases bloating and sweating (Marshall). This long practiced tradition is used for pain control and psychosomatic illnesses (Habek, Habek and Barbir). Although there is not enough conclusive evidence that can substantiate the use of acupuncture, it is still a method that should be considered as an alternative or a complement for other treatment. It is a holistic approach that affects the hormones called endorphins which results to the patients feeling better. Most women who have tried, registers a marked reduction in PMS symptoms (Habek, Habek and Barbir). It is difficult to understand PMS for someone who has not experienced such. An alternative treatment such as acupuncture might be the answer especially for those who have tried the usual methods. There are a number of doctors who approve of the method and have seen improvement in the lives of their patients. The treatment usually lasts for 45 minutes to 1 hour per session. For better results, doctors advise regular treatment. Acupuncture does not have side effects like medication and if coupled with a balanced diet and exercise, it might prove as the better alternative for a lot more women. Habek, Dubravko, Jasna Cerkez Habek and Ante Barbir. "SpringerLink.com." 2002. Using Acupuncture to Treat Premenstrual Syndrome. 1 December 2011

What Is Community Policing?

What Is Community Policing? Community policing is probably the most misunderstood and often abused topic in police management during the past years. During the last few years, it has become fashionable for police agencies to create community policing, and very often with little understanding of what that phrase really means. It is true, that any kind of organizational tinkering has been called community policing. But community policing is not a program. Instead, community policing is a value system which permeates a police department, in which the primary organizational goal is working cooperatively with individual citizens, groups of citizens, and both public and private organizations to identify and resolve issues which potentially effect the livability of specific neighborhoods, areas, or the city as a whole. Community-based police departments recognize the fact that the police cannot effectively deal with such issues alone, and must partner with others who share a mutual responsibility for resolving problems. Community policing stresses prevention, early identification, and timely intervention to deal with issues before they become unwieldy problems. Individual officers tend to function as general-purpose practitioners who bring together both government and private resources to achieve results. Officers are encouraged to spend considerable time and effort in developing and maintaining personal relationships with citizens, busine sses, schools, and community organizations. Here are some other common features of community policing: Beyond crime fighting a focus on livability Many police departments and police officers define their role primarily in terms of crime control. The very term law enforcement agency is certainly an indication of this focus. But policing is much more than law enforcement. Many studies have shown that dealing with crime consumes only 10-20% of the police workload. Officers in community-based police departments understand that crook-catching is only one part of their job, and a rather small one by comparison to the myriad of issues and problems they deal with each day. Officers freely accept a significant role in issues that might be derisively referred to as social work in traditional police departments. Officers understand that resolving a problem with unruly people drinking at a public park, working to reduce truancy at a middle school, marshalling resources to improve lighting in a mobile home park, and removing abandoned vehicles from streets, may all be forms of valid and valuable police work, which affect the livability of a neighborhood. Rather than treating these activities as diversions from real police work, officers understand that this is the essence of their work. Citizen Involvement The police department strives to actively involve citizens in its operations, through a variety of means. Volunteers are widely used, whether college interns or retired seniors. Citizen patrols and crime prevention initiatives are welcomed and encouraged. Area commanders meet often with members of the public to solicit input and feedback. Many internal committees include public participation. Policy decisions typically involve opportunities for input from citizens, and the department has both formal and informal mechanisms for this purpose. Promotional boards include citizens. The department seeks to educate the general public about police work in various ways, including publications, web sites, public-access television, town hall meetings, citizen police academies. The department accepts and even encourages citizen review of its performance. Geographic Responsibility The primary division of labor for the police is geographical. Officers identify with their area of assignment, rather than the work shift or functional division. Commanders are assigned to geographical areas and given wide latitude to deploy their personnel and resources within that area. Individual officers adopt even smaller geographical areas and feel a sense of ownership for that area. Officers commonly know many of the people who live and work in this area, and are intimately familiar with the areas geography, businesses, schools, and churches. Officers seek out detailed information about police incidents which have occurred in their area of assignment during their off-duty time. Long-term Assignment Officers can expect to work in the same geographical area for many years. Officers preferences for areas are considered in making assignments. Rotation of geographical assignments is rare. The organization values the expertise and familiarity that comes with long-term assignment to the same area. Decentralized Decision Making Most operational decisions are decentralized to the level of execution. Field officers are given broad discretion to manage their own uncommitted time. Operational policies are concise, and serve as general guidelines for professional practice more than detailed rules and regulations. First line supervisors are heavily involved in decisions that are ordinarily reserved for command ranks in traditional police departments. Participative Management The department employs numerous methods to involve employees at all levels in decision-making. Staff meetings, committees, task forces, quality circles, and similar groups are impaneled often to address issues of internal management. Many workplace initiatives begin with ideas or concepts brought forward from line employees. Obtaining input from frontline employees is viewed as an essential part of any policy decision. The department has comparatively few levels of rank, and rank is seldom relied upon to settle disagreements. Supervisors view their role primarily in providing support to field personnel by teaching, coaching, obtaining resources, solving problems, and running interference. Generalist Officers Field officers dominate the sworn work force. Officers are expected to handle a huge variety of police incidents, and to follow through on such incidents from beginning to end. Specialization is limited to those areas where considerable expertise is an absolute necessity. Even when specialists are used, their role is to work cooperatively with field officers, rather than assume responsibility for cases or incidents from field officers. Most specialists view their jobs as offering technical expertise and support to field personnel. Police Leadership on Community Issues Senior police managers are deeply involved in community affairs. They speak out frequently and freely on issues of community concern, some of which are only tangentially related to law enforcement per se. Police managers are encouraged to pursue important community issues as a personal cause. Elected officials consult with police managers often. Police representation is obligatory on committees or study groups which are set up to examine significant issues on the public agenda, and it is not uncommon for police officers to serve in leadership positions in community organizations. Proactive Policing The police department employs techniques to manage its workload in order to make blocks of time available for police officers to address identified problems. The police response to an emerging problem typically involves significant input and participation from outside the department. The department routinely uses a range of tactics other than responding to individual incidents, such as: targeted saturation patrol, bicycle and foot patrol, undercover/plainclothes/decoy/surveillance operations, educational presentations, coordination of efforts with other government or human service agencies, support to volunteer efforts, initiation of legislative proposals, and so forth. Rather than merely responding to demands for police services, the department employees a Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) approach: identifying emergent problems, gathering data, bringing together stakeholders, and implementing specific strategies targeting the problem. The police response to an on-going or repetitive problem seldom involves only police resources. The police are concerned not only with high-visibility crimes, but with minor offenses which contribute to fear of crime, and negatively effect public perception of city or neighborhood safety. Emphasis on Quality The police define success and accomplishment primarily by the results achieved and the satisfaction of the consumer of services, rather than by strictly internal measures of the amount of work completed. Thus, there may be decreased emphasis on common productivity measures such as clearance rate, numbers of arrests, response time, etc., and increased emphasis on outcomes. Thoroughness and quality are clear emphases, but doing the right thing is as important as doing things right. The department employs methods to assess public satisfaction with services, and both individual officers and managers think about ways to improve based on this feedback. Recognition and Professional Development Officers receive frequent recognition for initiative, innovation, and planning. The department systematically acknowledges problem-oriented policing projects that achieve results. Seasoned field officers are highly valued for their skill and knowledge, and feel little pressure to compete for promotion to supervisory positions in order to advance their career. Commendations and awards go to officers for excellent police work of all kinds, not just crime control. Officers receive the respect and admiration of their colleagues as much for their empathy, compassion, concern for quality, and responsiveness, as for their skill at criminal investigation, interrogation, and zeal in law enforcement. What Community Policing is not Despite the claims of some ill-informed critics, community policing is not soft on crime. Quite the contrary, it can significantly improve the ability of the police to discover criminal conduct, clear offenses, and make arrests. Improved communication with citizens and more intimate knowledge of the geography and social milieu of the beat enhances, rather than reduces, the officers crime-fighting capability. Moreover, though some of these may be used as specific strategies, community policing is not: school resource officers a grant storefront police substations a pilot program in a single area of town foot or bicycle patrols a specialized unit of neighborhood police officers a citizen police academy When an agency claims to have implemented community policing last week, thats a pretty good indication that it has not. Individual programs or projects that form part of this change may be implemented, but community policing is not implemented. You dont start it at the beginning of the fiscal year. It is a process that evolves, develops, takes root and grows, until it is an integral part of the formal and informal value system of both the police and the community as a whole. It is a gradual change from a style of policing which emphasizes crime control and crook catching, to a style of policing which emphasizes citizen interaction and participation in problem solving. You cant tell whether community policing exists in a city on the basis of the press release, the organizational chart, or the annual report. Rather, it can best be discerned by observing the daily work of officers. It exists when officers spend a significant amount of their available time out of their patrol cars; when officers are common sight in businesses, schools, PTA meetings, recreation centers; when most want to work the street by choice; when individual officers are often involved in community affairs-cultural events, school events, meetings of service clubs, etc., often as an expected part of their job duties. It exists when most citizens know a few officers by name; when officers know scores of citizens in their area of assignment, and have an intimate knowledge of their area. You can see it plainly when most officers are relaxed and warmly human-not robotic; when any discussion of a significant community issue involves the police; and when few organizations would not think of tackling a significant issue of community concern without involving the police. The community-based police department is open-it has a well-used process for addressing citizen grievances, relates well with the news media, and cultivates positive relationships with elected officials. The Lincoln Police Department has been implementing community-based policing since 1975. Late that year, Chief George K. Hansen announced to the public our first tentative steps into something we called at that time neighborhood-based team policing. While similar projects in cities including Los Angeles and Cincinnati came and went, we continued. We are perhaps the only police department in the United States that has been involved so long and so thoroughly in a conscious effort to refine and enhance the community-based approach. Twice (in 1977, 1993, and 2001) we have embarked on comprehensive strategic planning initiatives involving scores of employees and dozens of recommendations for enhancing our efforts. We have done exceedingly well at incorporating certain aspects of community-based policing in the fabric of daily life at LPD. Concerning long-term geographical assignment, or the generalist officer approach, for example, we have a long track record of successful practice. In ot hers, such as problem-oriented policing, we have steadily improved. Our problem-oriented policing projects are becoming both more frequent and more sophisticated. In a few areas, however, such as involvement of citizens in our decision-making process, we have much more to do before we achieve excellence. Community policing in Lincoln will continue to evolve. We will build on some of our most powerful strengths: a highly educated and capable work force, a respect for research and evaluation, and a willingness to change. We will learn from our setbacks, and be constantly open to innovation as we adapt to a changing city, society, and world. We do not have a self-image of the thin blue line, protecting the helpless public from the ravages of predatory criminals. Rather, we live, work, recreate, raise our children, and enjoy our city as citizens first, even though we are citizens who have a special professional responsibility for protecting others and ensuring the livability of our city. We are wholeheartedly committed to policing Lincoln in concert with our fellow citizens. http://www.aacounty.org/Police/commBasedPolicing.cfm Community Policing is an organizational wide philosophy and management approach that promotes community, government and police partnerships; proactive problem solving; and community engagement to address the causes of crime, fear of crime and other community quality of life issues. Two of the core components of community policing are: Community Partnerships and Problem Solving. Community Partnerships are joint efforts between law enforcement agencies and their communities to address the significant crime and quality of life issues. Problem Solving is a process for analyzing a problem from several perspectives in order to seek the most thoughtful approach possible, which should also be the solution that is most likely to succeed. Community policing provides the community with a: Voice in how it will be policed Permanent resolution to reoccurring problems Stronger, safer and friendlier place to live Better understanding of police capabilities and limitations Closer working relationships with the police and other governmental agencies It benefits the Department by providing: A way to more efficiently and effectively use department resources A way to be more responsive to the community Better intelligence about criminals Better communications More community support for Department programs http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/issueareas/security/security_pdf/2004_Hesta_Peake.pdf Community-Based Policing as a Model for Police Reform Fundamental Principles of Community-Based Policing 1 . Policing by consent, not coercion. 2 . The police as part of the community, not apart from it. 3 . The police and community working together to find out what communities needs are. 4 . The police, public and other agencies working together in partnership. 5 . Tailoring the business of policing to meet community needs. Community-based policing is both a philosophy (a way of thinking) and an organizational strategy (a means to carry out that philosophy) that allows the police and community to work together in new ways to solve problems of crime, disorder and safety. It rests on two core elements: changing the methods and practice of the police and taking steps to establish a relationship between the police and the public. The philosophy is built on the belief that the public deserves an input into policing, and indeed, has a right to it. It also rests on the view that in order to find solutions to community problems, the police and the public must move beyond a narrow focus on individual crimes or incidents, and instead consider innovative ways of addressing community concerns. At the heart of community-based policing is the recognition that the police are much more than mere crime fighters and can be public servants in other ways. The end goal is the creation of a professional, representative, responsive, and accountable institution that works in partnership with the public. These peace officers are a service rather than a force, and an institution that only criminals need rightly fear. Achieving these goals requires taking action at three levels: individual, institutional, and societal. (L. Lindholt, P. De Mesquita Neto, D. Titus, and E. Alemika, Human Rights and the Police in Transitional Countries, (Leiden: Brill Academic Pub, 2003), p. 22.) Even as the values of service and competency are imparted at the level of the individual officer, an appropriate management structure, capable of embedding and sustaining these values, must be created as well. Reform to the police alone, however, is insufficient; community support and assistance are also necessary to achieving the basic goals of the police. Community based policing, therefore, also encompasses strategies to reorient the public who, for frequently good reasons, have been leery and distrustful of the police. Building partnerships between the police and communities is a major challenge that confronts aspirant reformers, but thus far, international reform efforts have given little recognition to this challenge not one of the mandates for UN missions mentions engagement with local communities as a reform priority. The philosophy of community-based policing asks of both the police and the public a leap of faith and a commitment to effect change. It is a complex process that requires contemporaneous action to be taken at multiple levels meaning that detailed strategic planning necessary to translate philosophy into practice within the police organization and among the public. A detailed plan has often proved lacking in internationally inspired police reform plans however. Beyond a rhetorical commitment to police reform there has been little sense of how to operationalize a reform process to achieve the changes sought. Community-Based Policing: More Than Just Law and Order Policing is an activity that is not carried out in isolation. All the disparate aspects of policing that individual officers are called upon from issuing parking tickets to thwarting crimes impact and involve other institutions and processes. The workshop discussed how a community-based police reform program fits in with, and can contribute significantly to advancing, a variety of security, social, and developmental objectives and agendas. Community-based policing and security sector reform External actors pick and choose which parts of security sector reform (SSR) they carry out without necessarily seeing how these elements are linked and interrelated. Although at a policy level, the police are considered an integral element of the security sector, this synergy between the two is rare at the level of implementation. For many donors, SSR remains a primarily military concern, deprioritizing policing. Policing is also sometimes in a different institutional silo, which presents an institutional barrier to actual coordination. Greater synergy between the reform processes towards the various institutions that make up the security sector would be beneficial. Community-based policing, the rule of law, good governance, and human rights To be effective police reform must link other criminal justice institutions. The entry point to the justice system and the part in closest contact with the public, a fair, competent, non-discriminatory, and respectful police is integral to upholding the rule of law. Along with courts and the correctional service, the police are an essential part of the triad of institutions needed to make a justice system run effectively (R. Mani, Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War (London: Polity, 2002), pp.56-68.)Experience suggests that positive impacts to one of this triad of institutions will be nullified without similar concentration on other institutions. Community-based policing, development, and poverty reduction Community-based police reform can contribute to a wider poverty reduction strategy. Several donor agencies and governments have recognized the links between security, development, and poverty reduction. High levels of crime stifle development in any community businesses become the victims of crime, commercial activities (including those of the informal sector) are interrupted, and outside investment leaves. The poor and marginalized also suffer disproportionately from the effects of crime and violence. They lack adequate protection from corrupt or dysfunctional security institutions. The poor are also often marginalized when it comes to political or social structures and are likely to have very little influence over the policies and programs that affect their daily lives. Community-based policing, through its partnership approach, aims to ensure that the safety and security needs of all groups in a particular community are addressed. In this way, the police can facilitate all peoples access to justice, regardless of their social or economic status. Addressing local needs while effectively combating crime improves safety and security, and with it, strengthens the conditions for development to take place. Community-based policing and stemming smallarms proliferation Controlling the availability and circulation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) is vital in the effort to increase community safety, the aim of communitybased policing. However, citizens will only be willing to hand over firearms in their possession if they perceive an improvement in public safety and security and if they have a certain degree of trust in the police and other security agencies. This is where communitybased policing can play an important role in strengthening SALW initiatives. Similarly, if there is a good working relationship between the police and the community, it will be easier for the police to obtain information about arms caches or transit routes for arms trafficking. What is Community-Based Policing? Community-based policing is a partnership between the police and the community in sharing the delivery of police services. Ridge-Meadows detachment is in a process of transition from reactive traditional policing to proactive community based policing. It involves the strategy of problem oriented policing and employs various tactics, depending on the problem being addressed. Some of these tactics are: Community consultation Neighbourhood policing Decentralization Different types of responses to calls for service Shared responsibility for community problems Modern-management concepts A move away from 9-1-1 service calls and a total reactive policing service Proactive service delivery Crime Prevention Programs Community policing is a philosophy of police service delivery. It does not result from specific initiatives, such as bicycle patrols, crime prevention programs, and community storefronts/offices, or school liaison officers. Though these may be important, they do not represent a philosophically different way of doing business. Community policing acknowledges that, in addition to responding to emergency calls and apprehending offenders, police have always been involved with service calls of a more general nature. In fact, aside from paperwork and crime investigation, the bulk of a patrol officers time is spent responding to service calls. Community policing means a philosophical shift toward dealing with these community problems. Community-based policing (CBP) is an approach to policing that brings together the police, civil society and local communities to develop local solutions to safety and security concerns. This paper, published by Saferworld, assesses outcomes of and lessons learned from two CBP pilot programmes in Kenya. CBP improves public trust in the police, cooperation between police, citizens and community and stakeholder capacity for security sector reform (SSR). CBP allows police and community to work together to solve crime, disorder and safety problems. It makes safety and security a shared responsibility, emphasises police-community partnerships and targets policing needs in each community. What is Community Policing? There are many definitions of community policing but it is proposed here that the Queensland Police Service recognise it as an interactive process between the police and the community to mutually identify and solve policing problems in the community. The concept of community policing is based on the unit of communityà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®persons in social interaction in a geographical area but which may also include persons in interaction based on ethnic, business, religious or other grounds.

Classical COnditioning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning 1904 Nobel Prize Winner, Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia on September 14, 1849. Pavlov is best known for his intricate workings with the drooling dog experiment that lead to his further research in conditioning. This experiment, which began in 1889, had an influence on the development of physiologically oriented behaviorist theories of psychology in the early years of the nineteenth century. His work on the physiology of the digestive glands won him the 1904 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. CONTRIBUTIONS Pavlov's first independent work focused on the physiology of the circulation of the blood (Girogian, 1974). He studied the influence of variations in blood volume on blood pressure. He also investigated the nervous control of the heart, and argued that four types of nerves control rhythm and strength of cardiac contractions. It was during this first independent study that Pavlov used unanesthetized, neurologically intact dogs (Girogian, 1974). This method became the mainstay of Pavlov’s methodology. Pavlov’s second independent work centered primarily around digestion. He started studying digestion as early as 1879, and it was his major focus from 1890 to 1897 (Girogian, 1974). His work was an accumulation of observations on the nervous control of one organ system through the method of chronic experiment (Girogian, 1974). The study of digestion involved developing "fistulas" through which secretions from salivary glands, stomach, the pancreas, and small intestine could be collected (Girogian, 1974). His technique was truly unique in that he did not cut the nerve supply nor contaminate the secretions with food. The most famous and well-known experiment of Pavlov is that he 'conditioned' dogs to start a salivary response to the sound of a bell. He began by measuring the amount of salivation in response to only food. As the experiments continued, he rang a bell as he presented the food (Girogian, 1974). Again, he noted a salivary response. Finally, by only ringing the bell, Pavlov observed the same response as having presented food to the dogs . . . salivation (Girogian, 1974). These experiments defined what has been a "conditioned response". CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning is the type of learning made famous by Pavlov's experiments ... ... a Nobel Laureate for his research in a different field (Fredholm, 1999). In 1904, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering studies of how the digestive system works. Until Pavlov started to scrutinize this field, our knowledge of how food was digested in the stomach, and what mechanisms were responsible for regulating this, were quite foggy. In order to understand the process, Pavlov developed a new way of monitoring what was happening. He surgically made fistulas in animals' stomachs, which enabled him to study the organs and take samples of body fluids from them while they continued to function normally (Fredholm, 1999). WORKS CITED "Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich," Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2001 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. Mischel W. (1993). Behavioral conceptions. In W. Mischel, Introduction to Personality, 295-316. New York: Harcourt Brace. Girogian, NA: Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich. In The Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Schribner’s Sons, New York, Vol 10, pp. 431-6, 1974. Fredholm, Lotta. Ivan Pavlov. Science Journal. May 15, 1999.