Compairison of amy tans mother tongue snd orwells shooting an elephant Essay

Even though Tan and Orwell have two different approaches to showing a struggle to fit into society, they are actually in agreement that people who come from different places struggle to fit. This common ground becomes apparent through the emotion behind each authors’ writing. In both Tan and Orwell’s writing they show a variety of feelings. These feelings consist of sadness, anger and bitterness. The first illustration of both authors’ accord is the way each of them express sadness from the way they are treated by those around them. It is especially evident that Tan is saddened by the fact that her mother is poorly treated due to her broken English. Tan states â€Å"But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people’s perceptions of the limited English speaker† (179). This demonstrates the sadness Tan feels for her mother and the difficulty her mother faces to fit into society, bearing in mind it is nearly impossible to fit in with others if their perceptions are skewed. Orwell faces a similar issue throughout his essay as well. The natives of Burma were extraordinarily boorish towards Orwell simply because he was from England. Orwell shows an example of this by opening his writing with â€Å"In Moulmein, in Lower Burma, I was hated by large numbers of people the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me† (229). Hatred from all of Burma for no good reason causes sadness upon Orwell, especially when all he wants is to fit in and not be ridiculed. Evidently when the society one lives in is not accepting of them it becomes a struggle to fit it. Tan and Orwell also display strong feelings of anger in their writings. As Tan continues to write, a change in tone is evident. She starts off placid and calm then progresses to a more aggressive angry tone. An example of this is when Tan complains â€Å"And when the doctor finally called her daughter, me, who spoke in perfect English –lo and behold – we had assurances the CAT scan would be found, promises that a conference call on Monday would be held, and apologies for any suffering my mother had gone through for a most regrettable mistake† (180). The above quote demonstrates a sarcastic tone which signifies the author is fed up, annoyed, and even angry. Orwell communicates angers from the very start of his writing when he  tells of a time he was tripped on the football field. A Burman man purposely tripped Orwell in front of the crowed and they all laughed at him, which irritated him and made him mad. Anger is a very strong emotion in which both authors’ express due to frustration from not fitting into society. An even worse emotion compared to anger is bitterness. Bitterness is a vile, putrid feeling. It shows that you have let something get the best of you. Each author displays bitterness in some form or another. Orwell shot an elephant for the sheer fact that he did not want to seem like a fool. If he was not bitter toward the Burmans he would not have allowed them to get the best of him. As far a Tan goes, she says â€Å"people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her† (180). Tan’s bitterness for the disrespect her mother receives from multiple different people helps her to express her mother’s struggle to fit into society. With everything these two different authors’ have in common its clear they both agree that people from different places struggle to fit in. People from all different cultures and societies struggle to fit in when they go somewhere new. Both authors do a wonderful job at expressing these challenges. They each show as an individual their own personal experiences with struggling to fit into society. Their imagery and emotions make it easy to visualize being in their shoes struggling to overcome the challenges of fitting into society. It is perfectly clear that both author agree upon outsiders struggling to fit into a new society. Works Cited Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† Fields of Reading: Motives for Writing. Ed. Nancy R. Comley, et.al. 10th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin, 2013. 129-134. Print. Tan, Amy. â€Å"Mother Tongue.† Fields of Reading: Motives for Writing. Ed. Nancy R. Comley, et.al. 10th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin, 2013. 178-182. Print.

Fly Away Peter Summary Essay

This chapter as the beginning of the book sets the scene and begins to develop the characters of the novel. The story begins with Jim in the swampland watching birds calmly, looking at how they live their lives, remembering that these small birds have seen more of the world than most people, â€Å"has been further and higher than even that clumsy plane† (p.3). As a respectful intruder into the birds’ territories, Jim feels that nature is in balance before he notices a biplane begins making circles above the swampland. The biplane belongs to Ashley Crowther, Jim’s employer who owns the swampland and is giving his guests flights over the area. Ashley is something like a local squire after returning from England, where he had his education. This distinguishes the lives between Jim and Ashley, although we later learn that Ashley in fact provided the job for Jim, it has liberated Jim, and has â€Å"made free of his own life† (p.5) the basic, boring life that Jim’s father had declared â€Å"for the likes of us† (p.5) Jim and Ashley have a strong bond between them, despite their difference in class. Ashley recognises that Jim has an affinity with the land, and proclaims that in fact the land partially belongs to Jim, although Ashley owns it. Later we meet Jim’s father, a traditional man, with many contrasts between Jim and himself. Jim’s father resented the English, against their â€Å"fancy accents and their new fangled ideas. And their machines!† (p.6) Jim’s father believes that Jim would be better off just going to Brisbane and getting a job there, so as not to rely on the English for employment. But Jim will stay and rely on Ashley because â€Å"Something in the silence that existed between them, †¦ made Jim believe that there could be a common ground between them, whatever the difference.† My Thoughts and Feelings about Chapter 1: When reading this chapter I felt that there was a very strong affinity between Jim and nature, that he was so intensely fascinated with the birds that he wanted to be one, to fly off to another part of the world. It seemed as though Jim would be quite content to sit or stand in the swampland all day and just watch the birds. The disturbance of the plane disturbed Jim because it was an intrusion into the normal goings-on and was harmful to the wellbeing of the natural processes that occur. This in my mind is imagery for the way war inflicts upon the world, and how no one likes it. When we meet Ashley I sense something of a respect toward Jim, despite his â€Å"higher class† Ashley respected Jim as much as any other man. Jim is also unintimidated by Ashley, although it is Ashley who is his employer. The two young men can just sit there and both be very content in that their relationship can support that and that they enjoy each others company and all times. The relationship that Ashley has with Jim is in strong contrast to the relationship that Jim has with his father, which is in a rather poor condition. The differences between Jim’s father and himself are strong. Jim’s father is a very traditional man and I felt as though he wanted Jim to continue the Australian tradition of hard work, to follow in his footsteps, but instead Jim wanted to work for Ashley and learn about nature by experiencing it first hand. When I was reading this part of the chap ter I almost felt sorry for Jim’s father because he seemed quite upset at the fact that Jim was not following the inevitable life â€Å"for the likes of us†. Within Chapter Two of ‘Fly Away Peter’, Ashley Crowther, being Cambridge educated, a musician and much like an English gentleman, has returned to his childhood home to find that he is still in touch with it and not al all a stranger as would be expected. Ashley rides around his property, reestablishing his connection with it, reminiscing. The house is given new life- filled with weekend guests who have come to share and enjoy the landscape and nature with Ashley. One day, while riding by the swamp, Ashley discovers Jim observing the Dollar bird. Despite differences in their backgrounds, Jim and Ashley discover that they share a mutual interest and respect for nature. After sharing a cigarette, Ashley excitedly offers Jim a job in this bird sanctuary, an idea that had only just presented itself to him. They shake on it and it is confirmed. Explain the thoughts and feelings you had, as you read this chapter. The way that Ashley Crowther is introduced at the beginning of Chapter Two gives the reader the impression that he is a nice and generous person as it is mentioned that he had a good sense of humour and a love for wide spaces and distant horizons that he felt was too good not to share. The descriptions provided by Malouf of the property stimulate us to picture a very beautiful place with the music of nature (birds and insects) all around and with a ragged appearance filled with pastel blues and greens. The fact that they are so excited by the Dollar bird sitting in the ironbark makes us realise just how much Jim and Ashley love nature and want to be a part of it all. The reason why Jim doesn’t jump at the job opportunity immediately but remains silent for a while is unclear. After all, it was mentioned that he had been waiting for so long for something like this to present itself. So why didn’t he jump at the opportunity? Overall, the chapter wasn’t very exciting or anything like that but it was significant because it was in this chapter that the idea of a bird sanctuary occurs to Ashley Crowther. Jim Saddler and Imogen Harcourt meet: Armed with a new pair of binoculars provided by Ashley, Jim was busy admiring a sandpiper and reflecting on how amazing it is that such a tiny bird had seen so much of the world. That although it may have a small eye, it retains â€Å"some image of the larger world† that no mere man has seen. Then suddenly he realized that he wasn’t the only one watching this tiny sandpiper – a woman was taking a photograph of it. Although this coincidence was uncanny, he thought it â€Å"seemed much less extraordinary than that this few ounces of feather and bone should have found its way here from Siberia or Norway†. Curious about this â€Å"old girl† who shared his affinity for birds, he discovered her name and where she lived, and decided to go and introduce himself. Miss Imogen Harcourt is a middle-aged English woman who lives in a run-down weatherboard cottage. To Jim’s surprise, Imogen also noticed him watching the sandpiper. She shares with Jim her life story, how she came to live in Australia, and that taking nature photographs for a London magazine was how she supplements her small income, and deals with homesickness at the same time. Jim â€Å"found he understood almost everything she said straight off†, which was â€Å"unusual†. Jim, impressed by her professional competence, is â€Å"oddly moved† by her photograph, recognizing her skill as an intuition or gift she has – deeming the photograph of the sandpiper â€Å"perfect†. So Ashley, Jim and Imogen â€Å"became partners, all three†. Jim told her of the â€Å"sanctuary†, using the word for the first and last time, forever after speaking only of â€Å"the birds†. Thoughts and feelings: Throughout this chapter I felt that that the meeting of Imogen and Jim was no coincidence. Although their relationship was purely platonic, their mutual appreciation of bird life transcended any formalities that may have otherwise been called for. In life they were kindred spirits, fixed on the same goal – just like when they first saw each other, out of all the birds in the entire sanctuary they were each fixing their attention from different sides on the same sandpiper. This perfect moment shared with the sandpiper forever linked them together. The main event in this chapter is the guide Jim takes Ashley’s upper class visitors. We learn that Jim considers England to be a mad place after he over heard a upper class person talking about the beauty of animated birds. It is at this point that we first hear about the up coming war. The most important reference in this chapter is about Jim and Ashley relationships. Jim sees Ashley as his employer and as a good friend. We also see the similarities and differences between these two characters. Jim the one with the knowledge of birds from his years of observing, and Ashley the businessman with a nature loving side. Explain the thoughts and feelings you had, as you read this chapter. As I read this chapter I thought about all the contrasts that were made. The first is between Jim, a casual person, compared to the upper class visitors who were preoccupied at first with not getting their expensive clothes dirty. The second contrast is the relaxing boat trip where the beautiful birds were observed, and then the gossip the visitors were saying about the imitated birds. The last contrast, but most important is the mention of the future war and the peaceful birds. These contrasts affected my feelings towards the characters and the changing setting of the novel. This chapter charts Jim’s visit to Brisbane and the effects that reality of war played on him and the rest of the community as a whole. During his stay, Jim came into contact with many individuals who had contrasting personalities. Jim’s encounters were as follows:  · Swedish shop keeper – who expressed his disgust at the war that was about to begin, ‘A bad business†¦ a catastrophe. Madness.†  · Patriotic young girl – who seemed overly eager about the idea of war and going to fight for one’s country, ‘If I was a man I’d want to be in it [War].  · Group of excited youths – Who seemed to want to celebrate the onset of war.  · A woman – who held passionate views against aboriginals, but was willing to have a ‘good time’ with other young men, including Jim. Explain the thoughts and feelings you had, as you read this chapter This chapter is largely about how other people can influence a Persons life. Initially the girl’s statement to Jim, which read as: â€Å"I reckon you’ll be joining up†, is what plants ‘ the seed of excitement’ generated by the war in him. Given that it was accepted within the Brisbane that all capable young men should fight for their nation, it may prompt a reader to think: If Jim was not in Brisbane whether he would still have gone to fight in the war? The chapter also plays an important role in asserting the type of character Jim is. Through his nervous reaction to the gathering of the crowd, when he questions â€Å"is this what it will be like from now on? †¦ Will I ever get used to it? – Readers should be able to gauge that Jim’s personality fits that of one who likes to observe rather than communicate. He is an individualist. The apparent eagerness by the majority of people to go to war may be somewhat misleading. Although it may seem as if those in favour of fighting did so because they felt it was their duty to represent their country, a more cynical view may be that individuals viewed it as an opportunity to explore the world. This chapter takes place at the coming of Spring, during the time of the â€Å"big migrations†. With all the birds arriving into the area, Jim is busy observing and recording the new â€Å"refugees†. After recording each breed, Jim carefully and with much precision, enters all the birds into â€Å"The Book†. As a mark of the occasion, Jim presents The Book to Ashley and his wife, Julia, on their wedding day. Explain the thoughts and feelings you had, as you read this chapter Through this chapter, I realised the great significance of why Jim records each breed of birds. The recording of the birds gives each of them an existence in the world. Having a name for each breed allows the birds to be identified. I also felt the dedication and joy Jim has for his job: â€Å"The greater excitement was inscribing what he had seen into The Book.† Another example: â€Å"Chose a good pen and the best ink; bringing to the occasion his fullest attention; concentratingâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this chapter, Jim discovers a new bird, which he seemed to recognize but then at the same time was unable to identify. The features of this bird were very different to what he thought this bird could have been. He was very puzzled for he knew every bird, but this one was one that he had never laid eyes on. In this chapter Jim’s excitable response to the concealed and loveliness of birds is emphasized again. The following day in the company of Miss. Harcourt, he sees the bird again, he is informed that the bird is a Dunlin by Miss Harcourt. Jim is quite fascinated by â€Å"this common rare creature he had never laid eyes on till yesterday that was as common as a starling†. For Jim it was one of the most engaging for Jim, but was not so interesting for Miss. Harcourt. She was used to the â€Å"thousands that used to come in back home, along the shore and in the marshes†. Miss Harcourt was quite surprised by Jim’s determination to study the bird. â€Å"At last, after a long time, he didn’t know how long, he laid the glasses regretfully aside and found Miss Harcourt regarding him with a smile†. It seemed bizarre that Jim should be so fascinated in something that visited the shores of her childhood, his determination and intensity amazed her as it was a side of Jim that she had never seen before. Ashley’s friend Bert takes Jim up for a ride in his aeroplane. Jim is reluctant to go as he feels that the earth is for humans and the air is for birds. He also disapproves because flying machines have changed from â€Å"toys† to weapons of war. However he does in the end accept the invitation to see the country from a bird’s eye view that he so well knows from the ground. Jim does not come away any admiration for the plane or pilot but he wonders how birds can take the same map that he just witnessed and use it to fly around the World. It is also in this chapter that Jim feels â€Å"the ground tilting† towards â€Å"the pit† and it is this pressure along with the pressure of his father that causes Jim to enlist in the army. Ashley accepts the news of Jim joining the army calmly while Imogen becomes angry. Jim’s father is sentimental and envious of Jim referring to him as â€Å"the lucky one†. The fact that Jim’s father was envi ous of his son being able to enlist in the army is puzzling and it shows how naà ¯ve individuals can be, and also how easy it is to be caught up in what the majority believes even if it is life threatening. Jim has arrived at the war, along with many other Australian soldiers. Jim befriends Clancy Parkett. Jim and Bobby Cleese spend a day trapped in a shell hole just in front of enemy lines. Bobby describes fishing off Peel Island, whiting, and Deception Bay – images of home. On his journey to the front, Jim had seen thousands of birds. He had eagerly noted down a description of a flock of dunlin, the same bird he and Imogen Harcourt had seen at the sanctuary. Jim is involved in a scuffle with Wizzer Green. For a moment the two men appear ready to kill each other. Then Clancy steps in and fights Wizzer, defusing the dangerous situation. Chapter 10 begins to deal with the hardships suffered by the soldiers through dreadful times, and the beauty and fun of snow. The soldiers are taken to the front (Bailleul) in cattle trucks, forty to a car. The trucks used previously were used to take cattle upto the slaughter houses, and the smell of the animals still existed. Despite this, the men are very cheerful through their singing and joking, anxious for battle. Clancy leads Jim in a chase to arrive at the engine for hot water, an adventure in which Jim enjoys. As the soldiers view the trenches for the first time, Jim views in amazement at the organization that has gone into it. He relates the organization aspect of the trenches to the building of the pyramids in ancient times by the pharaoh’s. The chapter is set in the town of Armentià ¨res, a quiet section of the front. It is the last night (December 22nd) before they have to go into the line, and Clancy persuades Jim to break the rules and go to a village – two miles out of town. On the way, Jim and Clancy are joined by Eric Sawney. Arriving at the village, Clancy takes them to a bar owned by Monique. They have a couple of drinks, and get drunk, where we find out about a Margaret Clancy knew. In this chapter Jim has entered the war, the chapter describes the harsh conditions that the soldiers had to go through in the trenches, the rats, the smell and the dead bodies and sickness that were always around them. It describes water as being an enemy for the soldiers as the trenches were often flooded by it and the soldiers feet began to rot standing in it for days on end. The chapter talks about the Australian soldiers having more enemies than the German’s on the other side of the trenches. These enemies were not only the water that filled the trenches but the rats that occupied them as well. Dead bodies and the diseases that came from them were also a big problem for the soldiers. In this chapter the trench that Jim is in gets bombed, a young boy Eric Sawney gets both of his legs blown off and Jim’s friend Clancy was killed by the incident. This event is very traumatizing for Jim who was unhurt by the incident. Jim later visits Eric in hospital, feeling guilty about the young boy having no one to look after him.

International Retail Market Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Retail Market Development - Essay Example When, as a strategic goal, a firm wishes to expand its retail operations, it chooses to go abroad as soon as it sees its local market being saturated. This concept ha been better described with the help of many models and theories. Other motivators for internationalization are resource seeking, market seeking, efficiency seeking and strategic asset seeking. Resource seeking and market seeking are usually motivators for a firm’s initial internationalization strategy, while the other two are for sequential internationalization. Moreover, there are a number of factors that need to be considered by retailers before expanding overseas. These are factors, if considered appropriately, will determine success or failure. These typically include selecting the right market, knowing how much to adapt, getting the timing right, having a strong store brand image, and controlling the supply chain. H&M focuses most on getting their information right about the selected market and the attractiveness of this market. Another very important factor that would determine success is the mode of market entry chosen. There are a number of modes of foreign entry but the most common ones are licensing, franchising which has significantly increased the number of retailers expanding overseas and joint ventures. There are many others such as acquisition, mergers and contracts, but are not a part of the scope of this paper. In the past, retailers were thought of as localized entities that had little power (Alexander, 2009, pp.3). However, recently - in the past 20 years, this perception and way of operation has changed, and the existing concepts are no longer fit keeping in mind the recent changes (Dawson, 2006). One of the recent popular retailer strategies is ‘Retail Internationalization’, whereby, a retailer, like many manufacturing firms, decides to go international – or have operations in more than one country (Dawson, 2006; Alexander,

Network Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Network Analysis - Research Paper Example A machine consumes a power of 10 kW and a reactive power of 4 kvar at a current of (6 + j4)A. Determine the applied voltage, expressing your answer in complex form. Solution: Here as given, Average Power, P = 10 kW, Reactive Power, Q = 4 kvar, Current I = (6+j4) A Let S be the Apparent Power then we know that, Apparent Power S = Re{VI*} - Im{VI*} S = P - jQ, substituting the values of P & Q S = 10 10 ³ - j4 10 ³ S = (10 –j4) 10 ³ †¦. Eq. Since S = VI*... Eq. 2(2) Where V is the applied voltage and I* is the conjugate of I. As we know that if z = a + jb is a complex number then z* = a – jb Therefore, I* = 6 - j4 Now equating Eq. 1(2) & 2(2) and substituting the value of I* we have, V (6 - j4) = (10 – j4) 10 ³ V = (10 – j4) 10 ³/ (6 - j4) After rationalizing, V = (6 + j4)(10 – j4) 10 ³/ (6 ² + 4 ²) V = (76 + j16) 10 ³/ 52 V = (1.46 + j0.30) 10 ³ Network 5 Hence, V = 1.46 10 + j300 †¦. Eq. 3(2)Which is the applied voltage expressed in complex form. Solution: 3(a) Let is the applied voltage & be the resulting current through the given circuit then for complex impedance circuit is given as, = Expj †¦. Eq. 1(a3) Where . Let be the phase difference between voltage and current than current = Expj( + †¦. Eq. 2(a3) Since impedance in time domain is defined as, = †¦. Eq. 3(a3) From equations 1(a) & 2(a) we have, = as R=1 (given) = Or in polar form, †¦. Eq. 4(a3) Multiplying by 1 /to yield effective value we have, Z= or Z= 0.707†¦. Eq. 5(a3) Equation 5(a). is the required impedance in polar form. admittance is the reciprocal of impedance so, if Y is admittance then Y = 1/Z†¦. Eq.1(b3)... admittance Y=1/Z, or, Yeq=1/Zeq 1/Zeq=Yeq From Eq. 1(b1) Hence, Yeq=1/R+j(C -1/L) . Eq. 2(b1) Equation 2(b) gives the expression of admittance for RLC parallel circuit impedance. Network 4 2. A machine consumes a power of 10 kW and a reactive power of 4 kvar at a current of (6 + j4)A. Determine the applied voltage, expressing your answer in complex form. Solution: Here as given, Average Power, P = 10 kW, Reactive Power, Q = 4 kvar, Current I = (6+j4) A Let S be the Apparent Power then we know that, Apparent Power S = Re{VI*} - Im{VI*} S = P - jQ, substituting the values of P & Q S = 1010 - j410 S = (10 -j4) 10 . Eq. 1(2) Since S = VI* . Eq. 2(2) Where V is the applied voltage and I* is the conjugate of I. As we know that if z = a + jb is a complex number then z* = a - jb Therefore, I* = 6 - j4 Now equating Eq. 1(2) & 2(2) and substituting the value of I* we have, V (6 - j4) = (10 - j4) 10 V = (10 - j4) 10/ (6 - j4) After rationalizing, V = (6 + j4)(10 - j4) 10/ (6 + 4) V = (76 + j16) 10/ 52 V = (1.46 + j0.30) 10 Network 5 Hence, V = 1.4610 + j300 . Eq. 3(2) Which is the applied voltage expressed in complex form. Solution: 3(a) Let is the applied voltage & be the resulting current through the given circuit then for complex impedance circuit is given as, = Expj . Eq. 1(a3) Where. Let be the phase difference between voltage and current then

Ethics wssay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics wssay - Essay Example This good reputation will continue earning it more revenues owing to the fact that more customers repurchase vehicles and attracts new customers. The employees of the organization will feel that their employer cares about them and for this reason they will have the impetus to increase their productivity, and there will be a reduction in labor turnover (Institute, 2010). However, the organization will be experience some bottlenecks in case the legislature passes laws that will strip off its tax benefits. The operations of the organization will have to change and there will be lower profits. Uncertainty is not good for business; the organization should always strive to be in control or to influence action where possible. Volkswagen can allow the vote to go through as this is in line with the organization’s ethical culture of promoting the workers’ welfare. The Promotion of the workers’ welfare will enhance productivity, minimize the labor expenses ascribed to the exit of employees, and maintain a good public image. The organization also needs to gain support from the legislature and the governor on the importance of ethical behavior to a flourishing business. This meeting with the law-making authorities is essential for the out and out clarification of the rationale for the decision in order for the organization to limit the probability of negative consequences. The organization needs to let the state know that the success of the business is advantageous to the state in terms of additional revenue generation. An explanation to the state will also give the organization an even better reputation for risking its business for the welfare of its employees (Institute, 2010). This deci sion will portray the organization as one that has a commitment to bringing positive change in the culture of non-unionism. The state is likely to support the organization in the quest to maintain the state’s popularity as a caring authority for its citizen’s welfare.

Middle Eastern Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Middle Eastern Humanities - Essay Example The dancer’s primary task is to embody the different musical rhythms for the people hearing the music (audience). Most Middle Eastern music has an effect known as a â€Å"call and response†. This creates a musical conversation and happens when one instrument plays a certain phrase and one another instruments responds to the lead instrument phrase. This however, changes through the composition and the supporting instruments may at times play the leading phrases. Middle Eastern music is played in scales that are commonly referred to as â€Å"Maqamat†. The main idea of the maqam is that it helps the musician to know the right intervals between scales. It also helps the musician to know the notes that he/she needs to emphasize. Research has shown that about 84% of the population from Middle East listens to music at least once a day (Justice 76). Music plays an important role in entertainment in the Middle East. People listen to music as a form of passing time and entertaining themselves. Middle Eastern music is also educative. Musicians use music as a tool to make the society a better place and also educate people. Sometimes musicians go to the extent of using their personal experiences to educate people. Music is also a source of inspiration. Some types of music encourage people not to give up when they face challenges in life. Music also helps to make work easier or more pleasant. Lastly music is also used for spiritual nourishment. Sacred songs play a role in impressing spiritual truth among people in the Middle

The Securities and Exchange Commission Assignment

The Securities and Exchange Commission - Assignment Example The role of the division of investment management is to regulate investment companies. The SEC protects investors by providing a regulatory framework that oversees the activity of public corporations. The SEC creates laws that are geared towards ensuring public corporations report accurate information in a timely manner. An example of a law enforced by the SEC that raised investor confidence in 21st century after a series of corporate scandals is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The work performed by the SEC enforcement division ensures corrupt companies face penalties for their actions. A fair, orderly, and efficient market means that investors have access to a reliable marketplace that is able to handle all the consumer orders during trading hours. The trading and markets division accomplishes this task by regulating the major securities market participants which includes the brokers, dealers, transfer agents, and self-regulatory organizations. The superb electronic information system of the SEC is essential to run the market in a fair, orderly, and efficient manner. Capital formation occurs when the money saved by the government and the individuals of a society is transferred to the business sector. The SEC is an institution whose objective and mission is to promote capital formation. The SEC promotes capital formation by ensuring corporation disclose all financial information through mechanisms such as the Annual Report. The investigations performed by the SEC help stop illegal activities such as insider trading that are detrimental to

American Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

American Imperialism - Essay Example In 1866, the foreign policy of America dealt with expansion of America and also mentioned that no European power will become a hindrance in the path of development of a country according to the doctrine given by Monroe in 1823 (Dulles 1955). The expansion started in 1866 when the first American troops were sent to Mexico (Dulles 1955). American Imperialism was rationalized by referring to the Monroe Doctrine of 1823. There were many other reasons due to which, American imperialism was justified. Due to the Spanish-American War, there was acquirement of the colonies related to foreign land (Dulles 1955). The agricultural and industrial growth of America increased to a great extent and got beyond the consumption needs of the country (Dulles 1955). There was a need of foreign markets for further economic growth and stability. Racial superiority was also a consideration of the time due to which, expansion took place (Dulles 1955). The major events that took place in nineteenth century in relation to American Imperialism were purchase of Alaska, the increase in economic stability of America, Spanish-American War, the victory of America, Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and Philippines came under the control of America, America appeared as a Manifest Destiny, California and the Oregon territory were taken under control by America and various islands in the Caribbean and Pacific ocean were annexed with America (Dulles 1955). Boxer rebellion Chinese Nationalists revolted against the foreign entrants and Christians but they were pushed back by American troops (Dulles 1955). Panama canal was also constructed by Americans during the imperialistic era. The countries that got involved in the imperialist policy of America were either taken over by America or were those who fought with America or backed the country. Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Alaska, Hawaii, Spain, Denmark, Russia and many others (Dulles 1955). The policy of

Catholic Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catholic Religion - Essay Example It should be noted that religion teaches people to unite for the greater good. Thus, if people are armed with the knowledge of the advantages of integration within the community they will become committed in pursuing a common goal. The internet is becoming very influential in creating a common culture in the global community. As people interact with each other online, they begin to develop common traits and share the same characteristics. It should be noted that the creation of online lingo is an example of how a language game is created through the interaction of people belonging in different nationalities online. What are the 3 most divisive issues in our world today I believe that the three most divisive issues in our world today are income inequality among nations, abortion, and family problems. The two last can be considered as really disastrous as these are destroying the family which is the foundation of society. Who does this willingly List the type of people, often associated with certain professions, who must reduce their own ego defenses for the good of another, or of an institution, even when the other does not do the same. The government has a huge role to play in these recurring issues. The problem of income inequality is not a direct effect of the decisions of ruling individuals yet their legislations often have implications in the lower income strata. The government officials have a lot to do in resolving this issue. Since abortion is legalized, it has become a resort to teenagers who are engaged in premarital sex. Teenage pregnancy is often the problem of juveniles from broken families who lack the guidance of parents. However, it can also be seen that these youth are those who don't care about the results of their actions. Family problems are very much prevalent in the American society. Usually, the issue here is the couple's unwillingness to compromise, sort out difference, and understand the concern of one another. Is it possible to have a common faith and not have a common understanding of the written presentation that gives faith a common level of meaning No, common faith cannot be achieve without a common understanding of the written presentation which is the foundation of that faith. Faith is something which is personal and can only be attained through an understanding of its foundation. We cannot say that the faith of two individuals is common when they do not have an agreement and common understanding of its foundation. The different interpretation of written presentations is often the reason why we have so many religions. Having interpreted the Bible from a different point of view, two persons might believe in different things and profess two different statements of faith according to their understanding. Thus, even the same written presentation can create two different faiths. What actions could you take, if you were so inclined, to communicate the notion that we all share in a super-natural relationship in and through Christ I believe that the most effective way of communicating to other people that there really exists a super-natural relationship with Christ is through showing them a life which is changed through this relationship. Of course, it is quite easy to declare that deep inside of us, there is a longing which only a personal relationship with God can fill. Yet, nothing can be more convincing by

The Impact Social Media have on People Globally Essay Example for Free

The Impact Social Media have on People Globally Essay â€Å"Social Media isn’t a fad; it’s a fundamental shift in the way we communicate.† (Qualman, 2010). Communication as it is known today is truly and constantly changing as a result of social media utilization and thus the dynamics of human relationships take on a new perspective. The first thing that comes to mind when one hears the words, â€Å"Social Media†, is definitely the means by which one can communicate and meet with people across the globe, through the different channels that are now available. What do we really mean by â€Å"Social Media†? â€Å"The term refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share and or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks†. (Provencher, pg 1). The Social Media has definitely become a great significant part of our society and thus defines how people integrate. For this we can thank our technology visionaries who have created this platform. People can now freely express their opinions, thoughts and feelings which can be shared with family and peers. What types of social media or networks are there existing today? While Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn and WhatsApp might be the first sites that comes to mind, these however, do not represent the full scope that exists. Through social connections: Facebook, no doubt arguably one of the most popular and world’s largest social media utility, has provided users around the globe to build connections and share information with people and organizations they choose to interact with. According to (Provencher, pg1), â€Å"as of September 2010 Facebook has more than 1.15 billion users worldwide†. Twitter, on the other hand, is a social networking or micro blogging platform which also allows groups and individuals to stay connected and as it says, it is basically sharing one’s thoughts and ideas and also keeping up with others. Google +, though relatively new is designed to allow users to build circles of contacts which is also integrated with other Google products. YouTube is another popular social media which is mainly used for video hosting. Then there is LinkedIn, this is also a place where groups of professionals who share areas of interests gets to share and participate in conversations about what’s happening in their related fields. This platform is an important tool for people who are seeking employment which can be a  viable option for networking. Though it may be exciting and beneficial to most people, it is also essential that people proceed with caution when using the various social media tools and platforms, hence in this light; one can consider how social media has impacted on people’s lives, such as, sourcing information or news; interacting socially and fostering literacy. Sourcing the News/Information How time and things have changed over the years, thanks to new innovation introduced. Today, look at how the news is sourced, compared to when the only means was way of the television, radio or the newspapers. According to, (Sarah, page 1), â€Å"Technology has certainly advanced over the past two decades and has transformed how we perceive the world’s means of communication. This however, is a â€Å"step-up† from the other types of media of which we were first introduced, and then known as, â€Å"industrial media† or â€Å"traditional media†, example, the television, newspaper and radio on which people decades ago had relied on†. This method however was never really within the reach of people as it is now compared to if people were living in remote parts of the country where cables and in some instances no electricity was present. It can be said, (Sarah, page 1), â€Å"that with the internet, borders have been surpassed, where people can blend in with other cultures and new worlds in a matter of seconds†. This is thus one of the biggest influences thus far, which is impacting on the present generation and those to come. Social media, in other words comprises everything that has to do with the internet. Social Media has become an important source of news to many, as the availability of the major news channels on the various social networks, such as CNN, ABC, NBC and Fox News to name a few, have made it even more accessible and quickly for people on the move. No matter where one is, may it be on the public transportation, in the restaurant, sourcing the news have become so easy, compared to twenty years ago, when the only means was by waiting for a particular time to watch the news on the television or the radio. Interacting Socially In this section we will examine the impact social media has on how we interact socially. With the proliferation of technologies that are suppose to overcome the obstacles of time and space, one would think that these tools would be used to gain an understanding of how other cultures meet people all over the world; maintain and strengthen familiar relationships and communicate effectively with others and to help people to become more socially adapt. Technology advances however have caused people to become more distracted, stressed and to an extent isolated. â€Å"People have formed relationships through social media, but this means have sometimes left people feeling qualitatively empty†. (Human Kinectics, excerpts, pg 1). Hence, advance technology by means of the social media has a profound impact on what it means to be social. A study of students and information technology found that 85% of undergraduate surveyed used social networking sites. â€Å"Many were reported to use sites daily and this is increasing each year. 85% of the student used the social media to stay in touch with friends; 68% shared photos; 50% communicate with classmates; 5 % found someone to date, while 16% used it as a forum to express their opinions and beliefs†. (Salaway et al, 2008) Although these sites acts a positive place or forum to meet people who may share similar interests and experiences, does not often have a positive impact on one’s social skills and development, as it oftentimes leads to isolation and loneliness. Watching television is another way in which we interact socially; it is regarded as technology that comes with mixed reactions regarding its impact on social skills and social lives. Researchers have suggests that spending limited amount of time watching wholesome programmes can strengthen families and friendships, however, some suggests that it also contributes to the downfall of social values worldwide. Television watching provides little opportunity for interacting socially because one just sits there ingesting what is presented to them without having an input in responding to another person. This in reality can have serious effects on people skills in not practicing how to relate and deal with people. Apparently, social media and technology has the potential to harm or enhance social skills and lives. Therefore the key is to analyze how social media affects us socially. Social media has changed the way people interact and in many ways, has led to some  positive changes in the way people communicate and share information; such as, it improving relationships as one gets to communicate with family and friends living apart. It also allows people to communicate without geographical limitations. However, social media also has a negative side to it, in that, â€Å"†¦long hours tend to be spent using social media and people tend to spend more time and energy into online relationships than real life, which impacts how people socialize in the physical world’, says, (Lee, pg 1). Fostering Literacy Social media plays an important part in fostering literacy and also enhances early communication skills especially where children are concerned. The social media has been able to â€Å"tap† into the platform by encouraging the amount of information that is made available on the internet. Websites, such as: ABC.com, Education.com, NickJr.com, PBSKids.com, is just a few of the medium in which children from ages 2-8 are able to access for early learning. In comparison to two or three decades ago, where the only access to means of learning was either by the television, when popular shows such as Sesame Street was available or going to the public library, where there were sections for children to sit and read story books and so on. With time, this has all changed due to modern technology. Worldwide, people now have access to thousands of learning applications online such as learning new languages. With the advent of tablets or ipads, smart phones and other devices, the way media messages are brought to us is ever-present and with social media, internet TV, blogs and self-publishing, in addition to the traditional print and broadcasting the number of media messages out there is also ever increasing. People now have the ability to critically deconstruct the messages the media is conveying to us. â€Å"People are buying things, they don’t know why; they are voting for people, they don’t know why and, what we’re doing is giving them the skills so that they can develop a distance from what they are watching and understands what they are watching.† (Silverblatt, pg 1). As pediatrician (Haller, pg 1) says, â€Å"children these days live in a media-saturated environment. Children ages 3- 6 nowadays spends between 5- 6 hours a day watching television or playing internet games, which should be  cause for concern†. The question is, are they learning from what they are watching, and does the messages and images that are portrayed foster learning? It is therefore important for parents to monitor and instill certain levels of ethics and morality on their children at all times. It is known that the media can be used positively in fostering literacy if used in a positive manner to reinforce learning and literacy. â€Å"Advocates are now pointing out the benefits that social media provides for today’s digital learners, while critics call for regulation and for removing social media from classrooms, thus finding a middle ground has become a challenge†. (Lederer, pg 1). As an educational tool, social media enriches the learning experience by allowing students and teachers to connect and interact in new and exciting ways. So with sites such as, LinkedIn and Wikipedia Encyclopedia, which provides a platform for exchanging ideas and sourcing information, users can dialog and find answers to questions with instantaneous response. These sites are designed to foster collaboration and discussions thus fostering literary skills. Although, social media fosters literacy in a positive way, such being an educational tool, enhancing people engagement and improving communication among students and teachers, there is also the downside to social media. To some it can be a distraction, it also encourages cyber bullying or malicious behaviour and harassment online and it also discourages face-to-face communication as in previous decades before the intervention of social media. Conclusion In concluding, one can say that social media and technology apparently has the potential to harm or enhance social skills and social lives. Therefore, the key is to analyze how social media affects people socially. Does it help us build positive, meaningful relationships? Are people better able to communicate, listen and share information because of the technologies in their lives? Such are the critical questions regarding technology and social development. What is clear is that social media is here to stay and has thus become a daily part of life for many people. Social media has therefore changed the world drastically and up to this point has a firm place in our future, where it is hoped that the capabilities of these interactive  platforms will be extended. One of the most important functions of social media or networks is connecting users with other users worldwide. According to, (Hsieh, Hsieh Feng, pg 1), â€Å"A number of studies have explored how social media stimulate sharing and relationship building among their users†. With social media strong presence today, people worldwide find themselves more closely knitted than ever before, which have influenced the present generations immensely. Therefore, one can say that social media, when and if used appropriately can facilitate the collaboration that will be essential to overcome the challenges facing how information is sourced, how it fosters higher education and the way people are interacting socially today. To this, one can give credit and thanks to those visionaries who have made this possible. According to (Guha, pg 1), â€Å"We credit this achievement to the developments that have made in technology to ingenuity of the visionaries among us, who in creating social networking platforms have helped write some of the present occurrences being experienced in the world today†. Works Cited 1. Qualman, E., â€Å"Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way We Live and Do Business†, 2010, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 2.Provencher, Kaitlin, â€Å"Social Media Overview†, 2013, Web. www.webcomm.tufts.edu/social-media-overview13/ 3.Sarah, Naomi, â€Å"Different Types of Social Media†, 2011, Web. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-social-media.html 4.Human Kinectics, â€Å"Dimensions of Liesure for Life†, web. http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/technology-can-have-positive-and-negative-impact-on-social-interactions 5.Salaway,et al, (Excerpts), â€Å"Dimensions of Leisure for Life†, Human Kinectics, web. http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/technology-can-have-positive-and-negative-impact-on-social-interactions 6. Silverblatt, Ken, â€Å"How do we foster Media Literacy in Today’s Digital World?† by Camille Phillips, web, http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/how-do-we-foster-media-literacy-todays-digital-world 7. Haller, Ken, â€Å"How do we foster Media Literacy in Today’s Digital World?† by Camille Phillips, we b, http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/how-do-we-foster-media-literacy-todays-di

Business Plan for Startup SME Company

Business Plan for Startup SME Company Business Plan for QW Consultancy Situation Analysis SME and Start Up Companies Operating from Cambridge UK and  Relational Competitor Analysis between QW Consultancy and Potential Competitors in Cambridge The situation analysis will primarily address the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats this new company could face in the transition from a theoretical construct to being a viable operative capable of mounting credible competition with other companies willing to offer similar consultancy services, or similar services within the generic and holistic framework of complete corporate consultancy services. The focus will be a relational comparison between Cambridge, UK, where the new company will be based and the rest of the UK, the EU and the international community. This analysis will be devoted to the analysis of these strengths, weaknesses; opportunities and threats (the classic SWOT analysis formulation) specifically within this geographical context. In a lot of ways the vulnerability of SMEs and Start-Up companies is a major strength and opportunity for QW, as the service that QW wish to provide will specifically target small businesses in order to give them consultancy advice in relation to the issues which will be relevant in terms of initial start up processes. Therefore a more complete understanding of the business, economic and social environment that small businesses typically operate in, in regional towns like Cambridge is paramount in building the business acumen necessary to mount and sustain an effective business operation. As Reid (1995) explains: ‘The typical firm†¦.is surrounded by some rivals with regional markets (25 per cent) and others with no more than local markets (20 per cent). A few (2 per cent) operate internationally. The typical firm†¦.can readily distinguish major from minor competitors and has about three of each. Its principal product is a mildly differentiated commodity which it would characterize as ‘similar’ to that of its rivals. Its customers vary in the extent to which they are well-informed. The typical customer is well-informed, and has a least some familiarity with the technical features of the products, and some experience, directly or indirectly, of consuming them†¦.[1]’. It is clear therefore, that QW will rely heavily upon the local economy in Cambridge, a relatively moderately populated location (the population of Cambridge as counted in the last census is represented in diagrammatic form[2] in the schedule attached[3]). Accordingly the success of QW is likely to mainly be contingent upon local factors, which in turn will be heavily affected by local competitors. Also, particularly in light of Reid’s analysis above, QW needs to understand that although it is a novel concept for a consultancy firm to provide consultancy services specifically to the small business sector, and although, according to the business plan it is anticipated that this will fill a gap in the market, QW must not over estimate the uniqueness of their idea. Their idea essentially involves a singular focus on the SME and start-up business sectors in terms of delivering consultancy services. However, if one examines Diagram One ((which gives a breakdown of the main companie s that offers similar consultancy services in Cambridge, UK, and therefore represents the potential main competitors which QW would encounter if they set up in Cambridge, UK) and which the writer has attached in the Diagrams Section, at the end of this document), it is integral to note that a significant percentage of the largest companies offering consultancy services in Cambridge target the same publics that QW propose to i.e. the start-up business sector and the SME sector. Also, it is important for QW to be aware that these competitors, (while they have got a range of services, only one element of which is usually targeted at the start-up and SME sector), still represent a major threat to the economic success of QW. Indeed, this situation will be a major threat to (and weakness of) QW along with the usual threats faced by fledgling companies. Anderson et al. (1993) give us an insight into these more generic threats: ‘Typically†¦business is forced to operate in market niches.These niches are often market segments which are relatively small in size and may be lacking in adequate growth or profitability opportunities, unless skilfully exploited. Limited physical, financial and human resources, a lack of industrial experience and of business acumen on the part of owner-managers†¦.are frequently to blame for poor exploitation of these fragile niches. Nevertheless, if a†¦(business)†¦.is to grow and prosper, rather than simply to survive, over a non-trivial period of time (say more than three years), it must properly identify, develop and implement the requisite business strategy†¦[4]’. Therefore specifically in terms of Cambridge, UK, QW should consider setting up a presence alongside their competitors, with a strong focus on what makes their service unique (including exclusive pricing policies). As these SME and start up company specific services, and similar ones are offered by their main competitors such as Ernst and Young, PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Oakland, and because consultancy itself is such a fluid concept which is often misinterpreted or misunderstood by the end user of the service, QW need to keep two things in mind. Firstly, their planned marketing efforts should be targeted to establish their presence alongside that of their competitors, which will help to differentiate the service QW have to offer. Therefore, QW may wish to consider advertising in the Yellow Pages. Secondly, QW should consider using the voluntary and government sponsored sector within Cambridge to assist them to advertise their service. Therefore, they should potentially consider doing leaflet drops with agencies such as the East of England Regional Development Centre which is responsible for offering assistance to SMEs and Start-Up companies in Cambridge. Also, a similar initiative could be targeted at the St Johns Innovation Centre, in Cambridge which has a similar function. In this way, QW may be able to take advantage of inexpensive advertising for their new company and they will get a high level of exposure to desired publics. QW may also wish to set up a website, as many of their competitors listed in Diagram One have. Also, in terms of safeguarding the unique idea that their proposed company is based upon, QW may wish to consider registering this in order to secure intellectual property rights in their concept, as is their right in light of the developments the law has made in terms of offering intellectual property security. Pietrobelli, C. and Sverrisson, A. (2003) have pointed to the importance of taking such measures and they have also outlined the reasons why a company or product is vulnerable in the absence of such measures: ‘†¦the increase in research and development (RD) costs, the shortening of the life-cycle of products, difficulties of appropriating RD results, particularly in the field of easy-to-copy new technologies (such as computer programs), and the shift toward a global, knowledge-based economy, prompted a far-reaching reform of the intellectual property system (Correa 1994; David 1993)†¦..[5]’. In conclusion therefore, this document has looked at the position of QW in light of their business plan proposals. The piece has been demographically and geographically evaluated with reference to QW’s intentions to locate in Cambridge. Accordingly, the piece has looked at the competitors QW would be likely to encounter in this location and has examined how related factors may impact upon the likely success of QW. An analysis of the generic threats a business may face was looked at as a prelude to the more detailed study of how QW may operate within Cambridge, UK. Bibliography Books Anderson, M., Jacobsen, L. and Reid, G. (1993). Profiles in Small Business: A Competitive Strategy Approach. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Pietrobelli, C. and Sverrisson, A. (2003) Linking Local and Global Economies: The Ties That Bind. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Reid, G. (1995) Small Business Enterprise: An Economic Analysis. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. Website http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/pyramids/pages/12ub.asp >>. DIAGRAMS SCHEDULE DIAGRAM ONE QW’S MAIN COMPETITORS OPERATING IN CAMBRIDGE WHAT SERVICES DO THEY OFFER? Apto Consulting Limited Strategic and Business Planning Consultancy Performance Improvement Decision Support Services. Axiom-e Consultancy Financial Management Strategic and Business Planning Consultancy Performance Improvement Decision Support Services. Cambridge Enterprise Business Advice and mentoring for SMEs Funding Advice Financial Planning Cambridge Enterprise Technology Club Networking forum Cambridge Hi-Tech Association of Small Enterprises (CHASE) Networking Group for Entrepreneurs and SMEs Cambridge Strategic Management Research and other Consultancy Manufacturing and Service advice Training Strategic and Business Planning Consultancy Performance Improvement Decision Support Services. Ernst Young Audits and assurance consultancy, Taxation, Business and financial services. Business expansion consultancy Oakland Technical and Market Research Strategic Consultancy Strategic and Business Planning Consultancy Performance Improvement Decision Support Services. Peters Elworthy Moore Auditing and Accounting Tax Consultancy, Business Recovery, IT, Human Resources Recruitment. Price Bailey Forensic Accountancy Taxation Audit and Accounting Services Business Consultancy and Change Management, Financial Planning, PricewaterhouseCoopers Assurance and Regulatory Consultancy Tax services and Actuarial services Risk Management Business Recovery Rapier Management Consultants Corporate Strategy Strategic and Business Planning Consultancy Performance Improvement Decision Support Services. RWA Accountants Tax planning Ecommerce Consultancy Strategic and Business Planning Consultancy Performance Improvement Decision Support Services. Shelford Business Consultants Ltd Business Consultancy Services, Audit and Accounting Services Business Consultancy and Change Management, Financial Planning, DIAGRAM TWO Cambridge The percentages on the pyramid represent the percentage of all males (to the left) and the percentage of all females (to the right) that are in that age group. Age Range Total Males Females 0 – 4 5123 2599 2524 5 – 9 4799 2504 2295 10 – 14 5080 2650 2430 15 – 19 8807 4395 4412 20 – 24 16892 8705 8187 25 – 29 10853 5889 4964 30 – 34 8931 4653 4278 35 – 39 7534 3966 3568 40 – 44 6141 3098 3043 45 – 49 5843 2876 2967 50 – 54 5726 2820 2906 55 – 59 4798 2314 2484 60 – 64 3975 1944 2031 65 – 69 3489 1640 1849 70 – 74 3376 1575 1801 75 – 79 3064 1273 1791 80 – 84 2259 826 1433 85 – 89 1464 431 1033 90 and over 709 158 551 Totals 108863 54316 54547 This page printed from National Statistics Website. Crown Copyright applies unless otherwise stated. 1 Footnotes [1] P52. Reid, G. (1995) Small Business Enterprise: An Economic Analysis. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. [2] Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/pyramids/pages/12ub.asp >>. [3] This diagram also denotes how many adults this population contains. [4] P121. Anderson, M., Jacobsen, L. and Reid, G. (1993). Profiles in Small Business: A Competitive Strategy Approach. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York. [5] P220. Pietrobelli, C. and Sverrisson, A. (2003) Linking Local and Global Economies: The Ties That Bind. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: New York.

Harley Davidson Strategic Analysis Essay -- Motorcycles Harley Davidso

Harley Davidson Strategic Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Harley and Arthur Davidson wanted to take the work out of riding bicycles in 1901. After being joined by the Arthur brothers, Walter and William, they came up with the idea of putting a motor and a bicycle together. Many engine changes were made before the builders were satisfied. In 1903, they created the first Harley-Davidson motorcycle and produced three that year. Harley built its first building in 1907 on Juneau Avenue in Milwaukee. That same year, 150 motorcycles were produced. As they were used for recreational purposes, they were also used in military situations. They proved useful in border skirmishes and the government called for 20,000 bikes to be shipped overseas. Following the war, other companies tried to enter the market, but Harley remained the largest. The depression had an unfavorable effect on Harley as it did with most corporations, but it outlasted the crisis and celebrated its fiftieth year in 1953 as the sole survivor in the motorcy cle industry. Harley did turn public in 1965, but was bought by thirteen senior Harley-Davidson executives in 1981. It was returned to public ownership in 1986 by offering two million shares of common stock. It was approved by the New York Stock exchange in 1987 and has been there ever since. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A company with the history of Harley-Davidson has few weaknesses and threats, but a SWOT analysis can help them turn them into favorable opportunities and strengths. Strengths- Customer loyalty is probably the number one strength of Harley's business. Once a person buys a Harley, it seems as though they become trapped in the entire Harley business. Once they buy a Harley, they usually never buy another brand of motorcycle. Along with the bike comes the apparel. Once a person purchases a bike, the jacket, bandanas, etc. become a must. Opportunity- For Harley is that the economy is at a place where people will go out and purchase a motorcycle for recreational purposes. Whether the economy is good or not, is a place where they may thrive. When the economy is not doing as well, people may look at a motorcycle as a more economical way to travel so Harley can do well in both situations. Weaknesses- Large numbers of products being produced can make for many errors. When there is such a demand to produce many of one type of product, there can be many mistakes that... ...s and perhaps by reaching out to them with these types of products, they will develop future relationships with them. These performance products can be used for recreation and competition while keeping that edge that Harley has had since it began. 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stock of Harley continues to rise as the idea that the Japanese is dominating the industry. Since the beginning of the year, the stock for Harley has risen almost 49%. Part of the reason is the change in their operations. For years, people would have to wait for months for a bike due to the huge demand, but foul ups have been fixed and they are now pumping out bikes like never before. This article also states how well Harley deals with its employees and their union. Most recently, they signed a seven-year contract while still having one year left on their previous contract. There are some critics though who believe that Harley is just a "balloon waiting to burst". Due to the expensive price, they believe that there is not much room to grow and that it is only a matter of time before the stock price begins to drop. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.harleydavidson.com -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2000/nf20001117_421.htm

The Meaning of Life :: Philosophy essays

In approaching the meaning of life we have to examine the nature of meaning itself.   Meaning is by definition the point, or the intended goal.   Consider the point of humans and the universe as seen from monotheistic religion.   If life and the universe is some sort of toy or form of entertainment for some prime mover, his point, his own entertainment, would then be the meaning of humans and the universe.   Consider the goals of the deities of various cultures.   Some strive for a balance between the forces of 'good' and 'evil'.   This balance seems to simply be a choice of the deity, the way he thinks it ought to be.   The concept of a prime mover as a source of the meaning of life is flawed, because in talking about an actual point to absolutely everything, we are simply considering the goals of a being more powerful than ourselves who has chosen one of many possible goals that humans can conceive of.   This is to say that, if a god like this exists, his goal for life and the universe is not necessarily valid as a meaning of life, the universe, and himself.   For instance, the Bible claims that the Christian deity created the universe and placed humans in it that they might be in awe of his power.   If this is so, why is worship the correct response?   The meaning of the universe as created by God is the entertainment of God, but what is the meaning of the larger system containing God and his creations?   We could conceive of an even 'primer' mover, but that simply takes us all the way back into the wall of infinite regression.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I first read the Bible, it struck me as neutral on the idea of worship.   The Bible flat out tells you that God created humans so that they would be in awe of him, which amounts to saying God created us to inflate his ego.   We are to God as our pets are to ourselves, sources of unconditional love.   In the book of Job, God essentially makes a gentleman's bet with Satan that Job's worship is genuine and not inspired by God's kindness.   In other words, you throw a rock at my dog and I'll swing my arm so it looks I

Domestic versus Foreign Poverty :: essays research papers

Personally, I mostly disagree with this statement although there are a few points in its favour. The bible provides the basis for Christian beliefs and values. The Catechism States: "Created in the image of the one God and equally endowed with rational souls, all men have the same nature and the same origin. Redeemed by the sacrifice of Christ, all are called to participate in the same divine beatitude: all therefore enjoy an equal dignity." This means that all men are equal in the eyes of God, and should be equal in each others. This means that we should treat each others as equal without considering race, nationality, sex or religion. ?All of you are Christ?s Body and each one is a part of it? (1 Corinthians 12:27). Therefore to ignore one man?s suffering is to ignore the body?s suffering as, ?If one part of the body suffers, all the other parts suffer with it? (1 Corinthians 12:26). To ignore one part of the body?s suffering causes the rest of the body to suffer. You cannot be a true Christian if you leave someone in poverty, as, if everyone is part of Christ?s body and all parts suffer if one does, then you are causing suffering to spread worldwide unchecked and even if you remove it from your community it still exists, so all still suffer. We should demonstrate the qualities set out by Jesus, to love thy neighbour, when we are dealing with anyone. Another important example, the parable of the Sheep and Goats shows the way that Good Christians should treat their fellow men. It says how Jesus ?will separate the people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats? (Matthew 21:32-33) This means that he will separate the righteous from the unrighteous. He will put those blessed by God at his right and those who have done wrong against God or their fellow man on his left. In this way does the shepherd separate the sheep from the goats. Jesus is a shepherd of men. He will always protect his flock. This parable shows that we will be judged on the Day of Judgement for our actions on Earth. We must repent of our wrongdoings and help all others.

Overview of the Film Freedom Writers Essay

Based on a true story, Freedom Writers is an inspiring film about a young teacher named Erin Gruell (played by Hilary Swank) who chooses to work at Woodrow Wilson High School in Long Beach, California. It is a school that is torn by gang violence and racial tension due to the recent integration program in that district. The story begins in 1994, Erin is a newly hired teacher at the high school and is assigned to teach Freshman and Sophomore English. Teaching at the school is nothing like what she expected, as fights constantly break out both inside and outside of the classroom. Additionally, students come to school strapped with guns (if they come at all). The teachers have very little faith in the students and the students have very little faith in Erin Gruell, but as time goes by she develops their trust and respect. Erin throws out her more traditional lesson plans and instead appeals to the students by having them write daily journals about their personal stories. She teaches them about the Holocaust, Anne Frank, and takes them on field trips and to restaurants. At the same time that Erin tries to reach out and inspire these young people, Erin faces a divorce and protests from her fellow coworkers. However, Erin rises above these adversities to inspire her students to soar to new academic and personal heights, none of which they ever thought were imaginable. Erin displays unwavering faith in her students and in their capacity to learn. Likewise, these students find faith in themselves and each other and previous gang, racial, and territorial divides are broken down as students like Eva, Jamal, Marcus, and Brandi gain the courage to do what’s right and improve their lives. The ending is incredibly motivational as Erin gets 35 computers to be donated to her school so that her students can compile their stories from their journals into a book that would eventually be published in 1999. Most of her students went on to college and broke from their previous lives.

Human Effect on Climate Change Essay

Very few people doubt that it is normal for there to be climate change. The rotation of the earth on a tilted axis leads to this, as well many natural events, like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and hurricanes. However, human activities are having a much greater impact on climate change. For example, the jump in earths’ population from 1950 through 1985 more than doubled from 2. 5 billion to over 5 billion. (Meyer, 1996: 24) The importance of this growth is a drain on the Earths’ resources causing even more altering. It is not as much the altering of these resources that are causing climate change but the type of human activities which are taking place, and the way in which they are impacting the climate. One major influence is increased waste and pollution as a result of burning more fossil fuels. The introduction of chlorofluorocarbons in the mid-20th century, which were used for refrigerants, solvents, and propellants, cause a reaction in the atmosphere that break down the ozone layer. (Meyer, 176) CFL’s and burning of fossil fuel create an added layer of insulation around the earth. Since the earth is naturally surrounded by gases the added human processes cause a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect. This is when these gases change and more heat from the sun is retained than before resulting in planetary temperature rise. Changing of seasons and somewhat consistent weather patterns are a normal occurrence on our planet. However, in the past 30 years there have been many natural disasters that can be attributed to climate change and global warming. Massive earthquakes which subsequently cause tsunamis, hurricanes wreaking havoc in areas they never before touched, volcanoes erupting years before the experts predictions and the melting of ice caps causing sea level rise. It is obvious that our normal weather patterns and temperatures have been and are changing. It wasn’t until 1938 when a Mechanical Engineer named Guy Stewart Callendar challenged the Experts. (Weart, 2) Callendar had confirmed more completely than anyone else that his data proved global warming was occurring. Global warming is not climate change but it is a symptom of climate change. Although, Callendar was not a meteorologist, studying weather patterns was his passion and with every spare minute he analysed all the data he could acquire. He showed through his research that as the industrial era was booming it was doing so while burning fossil fuels. These fuels were emitting millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and subsequently adding to the greenhouse effect and climate change. (Weart, 2) This was the first time in recorded history mankind was able to prove humans were damaging the Earths biosphere. Before the great baby boom of the mid-20th century and prior to the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century carbon dioxide levels were at about 265 ppm and today because of human processes it is about 392 ppm. (Pittock,7) Currently carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing about 2 ppm per year and average world temperature is climbing in step with it. Many experts agree that 400 ppm of carbon dioxide will probably cause a temperature rise of about two to four degrees Fahrenheit. (Gossling and Upham, 3-4) If this occurs so many tipping points will have been crossed, or soon will be crossed, that climate change and global warming will become unstoppable, and the point of no return will have been passed. There are a number of potential sources of human activity that impact climate change. A major consideration is that of cause-and-effect, looking at the type of human activities which take place, and then examining the way in which they may be impacting on the climate in order to create change. Some examples are farming with the fabrication and use of fertilizers and pesticides, manufacturing with burning fossil fuels, deforestation, power stations, cars and other vehicles as well as aircraft. The impact from all of them is similar, with the proof being two points. First a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, which was discovered in the 1970’s. Second an increase in earths’ temperature of approximately two degree Fahrenheit. (Pittock, 78) There is also a potential for additional erosion of the ozone as a result of the continued use of hydro-fluorocarbons. Therefore, it is the output of this consumption process that is having an impact. The emissions made are also those that are seen to cause longer term damage to the ozone layer. The emissions also have an impact on the climate of the earth either directly or indirectly. Directly this includes the emission of carbon dioxide and indirectly the impact of jet aircraft in the way they emit water vapour in their contrails. (Gossling and Upham,42-43) In the late 1950s Walter Orr Roberts a leading astrophysicist noticed that cirrus clouds were forming daily over Boulder, Co. (Weart, 66) Orr observed that Jet contrails were mixing with the existing cirrus cloud formations to the point of not being able to distinguish between either. This phenomenon was occurring daily my mid-afternoon from the heavy airline traffic. (Weart, 66) The fuels used by aircraft are the main problems. Aviation fuel is made up mostly of kerosene, which originates from fossil fuels. (Gossling and Upham, 311) There are two main problems with the combustion of kerosene by the aircraft; the waste products they produce are major pollutants as well as the carbon dioxide and water vapour. Both of these have a negative impact on the atmosphere. (Weart, 132-133) If we consider the problem of carbon dioxide, it needs to be remembered that aviation fuel is only one source of this pollution, and as such, it is adding to the overall totals that are creating climate change and global warming. The creation of added clouds by water from jet exhaust adds to the global warming effect and climate change by trapping more heat in earths’ atmosphere. The increased amount of particles in the air that help trap the heat from escaping from the earth’s atmosphere are one of the culprits of the greenhouse effect. This has been achieved by pollution put into the atmosphere over the last century, most notably since the industrial revolution (Meyer, 37). Since then there has been a greater and greater amount of waste containing carbon, as well as other gases and chemicals, burned and released into the atmosphere. Also, during this time there has been large scale deforestation and the carbon that was contained in these large areas, locked away in the wood was then released directly into the atmosphere (Meyer, 60). The increase in carbon from the release due to deforestation alone is projected at accounting for 15% of the greenhouse effect between 1990 and 2025 (Meyer, 61). When we then consider the relatively high amounts of carbon in other deposits such as coal that is burned for power we can start to appreciate why the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are increasing. The earth’s atmosphere has always contained several types of gases. It also has a certain percentage of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. (Meyer, 1996: 150) Carbon dioxide lets the short wave length radiation from the sun through and then the rays hit the earth and warm it. The earth re-radiates longer wave length heat radiation but the carbon dioxide won’t let most of this long wave radiation out again. (Pittock, 7) As carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, the more trapped heat and the hotter the earth gets. However, we need some carbon dioxide in the atmosphere otherwise all the sun’s heat would be lost and temperatures would drop by ninety one degrees Fahrenheit and we would quickly freeze to death. Therefore, the climate is being changed as a result of increasing levels of carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons being placed into the atmosphere, which is helping to retain heat and as a result is having an impact on climate, increasing the temperature of the planet and impacting on natural processes. Under current conditions it is estimated that by the end of the 21st century global sea level temperatures could rise as much as thirty nine degrees Fahrenheit. (Gossling and Upham, 3-4) Obviously, if this happens life will once again recycle on planet earth.

Bsiness Strategy of Pepsico

PROJECT REPORT FOR BUSINESS STRATEGY-1 EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS STRATEGIES AT PEPSICO Submitted to:Submitted By: Prof. Sanjany SharanPrashant Sharma Parul Kapoor Mohit Madan Prerna Gupta Murali Krishna (Section-A) (Group – 10) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We take this opportunity to express our gratitude towards Mr. Sanjay Sharan, Department of Marketing, IBS, Hyderabad. We are indebted to him for the expertise and invaluable guidance we have received while working on this project. Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. PESTEL Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 PORTER Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 4P @ Pepsi †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 Competitive Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦25 New Product Launch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Advertisement Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦34 Market Diversification Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 36 HR Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦39 Bottling Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦45 INTRODUCTION OF PEPSICO Pepsi is one of the most well-known brands in the world today available in over  160 countries. The company has an extremely positive outlook for India. This reflects that India holds a central position in Pepsi's corporate strategy. India is a key market for Pepsi co, and at the same time the company has added value to Indian agriculture and industry. PepsiCo entered India in 1989 and is concentrating in three focus areas – Soft drink concentrate, snack foods and vegetable and food processing. Faced with the existing policy framework at the time, the company entered the Indian market through a joint venture with Volta’s and Punjab Agro Industries. With the introduction of the liberalization policies since 1991, Pepsi took complete control of its operations. The government has approved more than US$ 400 million worth of investments of which over US$ 330 million have already flown in. One of PepsiCo's key strategies was to develop a completely local management team. Pepsi has 19 company owned factories while their Indian bottling partners own 21. The company has set up 8 Greenfield sites in backward regions of different states. PepsiCo intends to expand its operations and is planning an investment of approximately US$ 150 million in the next two-three years. PESTEL ANALYSIS PESTLE analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental/Ecological analysis† and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. PESTEL ANALYSIS FOR SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY Political – * Non-alcoholic beverages fall within the food category under the FDA. The government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products n terms of regulations. * There are potential fines set by the government on companies if  they do not meet a standard of laws. * The following are some of the factors that could cause Pepsi’s actual results to differ materially from the expected results described in their underlying company's forward statement:- * Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements, (including t ax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations) and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. Changes in the non-alcoholic business environment. These include, without limitation, competitive product and pricing  pressures and their ability to gain or maintain share of sales in the global market as a result of action by competitors. * Political conditions, especially in international markets, including civil unrest, government changes and restrictions on the ability to transfer capital across borders. Their ability to penetrate developing and emerging markets, which also depends on economic and political conditions, and how well they are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities, distribution networks, sales equipment and technology Economic- * The companies are subject to the harvest of the raw material that they use in their snack foods, soft d rink and juice, like corn, oranges, grapefruit, vegetables, potatoes, etc. Because of they rely on trucks to move and distribute many of their products, fuel is also an important subject, so they are subject to the fuel price fluctuation, and to possible fuel crisis. * Operating in International Markets involves exposure to volatile movements in foreign exchange rates. The economic impact of foreign exchange rates movements on them is complex because such changes are often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. * PepsiCo is also subject to other economic factors like money supply, energy availability and cost, business cycles, etc. Sociocultural influences: – * PepsiCo and moreover Pepsi is subject to the lifestyle changes, because of it bases her advertising campaigns in a concrete kind of people with an special lifestyle, it is for that PepsiCo has to pay a special attention on the lifestyle changes. * Particularly in the United States Pepsi drinkers are very defined, there is a kind of people who drinks Pepsi another kind who drinks Coca-Cola, it is for that they have to pay attention to the social mobility for not losing a possible market. Taking into account that PepsiCo is trying to introduce itself in underdeveloped markets, they have to be careful with the possible problems with the governments of this countries, and with the problems could rise from PepsiCo act with the people of this countries. Technological – * PepsiCo is subject to new techniques of manufacturing, for their three business sectors, snack food, juices and soft drinks. * It has to pay attention to the new distribution tec hniques. – And they have to fix their attention in the competence developed, to know about the new products. Even though, we have to take into account that specialized factors involve a heavy and sustained investment, we have to know that if we are able to achieve them, we could generate a competitive advantage. * Some of the factor conditions PepsiCo has to take into account, in each country where they want to introduce are – Unemployment. – Interest rate. (Short term, long term). – Labour legislation. Environment Aspect: * There are many aspects when it comes to the environmental concerns. * For Example the presence of Pesticides in the Pepsi content causes health hazards. Also the wastes generated in the manufacturing of Pepsi are left out without treatment which causes hazardous effects to the surrounding and the water table. * The plastic used for bottling is harmful for the environment. Moreover, the waste generated by the industries producing soft drinks also affects the environment. Legal Aspect: * The production distribution and use of many of PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act ad the Americans with Disabilities. * The businesses are also subject to state, local and foreign laws. The international businesses are subject to the Government stability in the countries where PepsiCo is trying get into (underdeveloped markets). * The federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. * The businesses are also subject to de taxation policy in each country they are operating. * They also have to comply with federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations SWOT ANALYSIS It is the study of factors that affects the organization or the industry in both positive and negative ways. Strength: Strength is defined as any internal asset, technology, motivation, finance, business links, etc. hat can help to exploit opportunities and to fight off threats. Weakness: It is an internal condition which hampers the competitive position or exploitation of opportunities. Opportunity: It is any external circumstance or characteristic which favours the demand of the system or where the system is enjoying a competitive advantage. Threat: It is a challenge of an unfavourable trend or of any external circumstance which will unfavourably influence the position of the system. SWOT ANALYSIS PEPSICO Strengths Branding – One of PepsiCo’s top brands is of course Pepsi, one of the most recognized brands of the world, ranked according to Interbrand. As of 2008 it ranked 26th amongst top 100 global brands. Pepsi generates more than $15,000 million of annual sales. Pepsi is joined in broad recognition by such PepsiCo brands as Diet Pepsi, Gatorade Mountain Dew, Thirst Quencher, Lay’s Potato Chips, Lipton Teas (PepsiCo/Unilever Partnership), Tropicana Beverages, Fritos Corn, Tostitos Tortilla Chips, Doritos Tortilla Chips, Aquafina Bottled Water, Cheetos Cheese Flavoured Snacks, Quaker Foods and Snacks, Ruffles Potato Chips, Mirinda, Tostitos Tortilla Chips, and Sierra Mist. The strength of these brands is evident in PepsiCo’s presence in over 200 countries. The company has the largest market share in the US beverage at 39%, and snack food market at 25%. Such brand dominance insures loyalty and repetitive sales which contributes to over $15 million in annual sales for the company Diversification – PepsiCo’s diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands generates annual sales of over $1,000 million. PepsiCo’s arsenal also includes ready-to-drink teas, juice drinks, bottled water, as well as breakfast cereals, cakes and cake mixes. This broad product base plus a multi-channel distribution system serve to help insulate PepsiCo from shifting business climates. Distribution – The company delivers its products directly from manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores. This is part of a three pronged approach which also includes employees making direct store deliveries of snacks and beverages and the use of third party distribution services. Weaknesses Overdependence on Wal-Mart – Sales to Wal-Mart represent approximately 12% of PepsiCo’s total net revenue. Wal-Mart is PepsiCo’s largest customer. As a result PepsiCo’s fortunes are influenced by the business strategy of Wal-Mart specifically its emphasis on private-label sales which produce a higher profit margin than national brands. Wal-Mart’s low price themes put pressure on PepsiCo to hold down prices. Overdependence on US Markets – Despite its international presence, 52% of its revenues originate in the US. This concentration does leave PepsiCo somewhat vulnerable to the impact of changing economic conditions, and labour strikes. Large US customers could exploit PepsiCo’s lack of bargaining power and negatively impact its revenues. Low Productivity – In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower than its competitors. This may indicate comparatively low productivity on the part of PepsiCo employees. Image Damage Due to Product Recall – Recently (2008) salmonella contamination forced PepsiCo to pull Aunt Jemima pancake and waffle mix from retail shelves. This followed incidents of exploding Diet Pepsi cans in 2007. Such occurrences damage company image and reduce consumer confidence in PepsiCo products. Opportunities Broadening of Product Base – PepsiCo is seeking to address one of its potential weaknesses; dependency on US markets by acquiring Russia’s leading Juice Company, Lebedyansky, and V Wwater in the United Kingdom. It continues to broaden its product base by introducing TrueNorth Nut Snacks and increasing its Lipton Tea venture with Unilever. These recent initiatives will enable PepsiCo to adjust to the changing lifestyles of its consumers. International Expansion – PepsiCo is in the midst of making a $1, 000 million investment in China, and a $500 million investment in India. Both initiatives are part of its expansion into international markets and a lessening of its dependence on US sales. In addition the company plans on major capital initiatives in Brazil and Mexico. Growing Savory Snack and Bottled Water market in US – PepsiCo is positioned well to capitalize on the growing bottle water market which is projected to be worth over $24 million by 2012. Products such as Aquafina, and Propel are well established products and in a position to ride the upward crest. PepsiCo products such as, Doritos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Tostitos tortilla chips, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, Sun Chips multigrain snacks, Rold Gold pretzels, Santitas are also benefiting from a growing savory snack market which is projected to grow as much as 27% by 2013, representing an increase of $28 million. Threats Decline in Carbonated Drink Sales – Soft drink sales are projected to decline by as much as 2. 7% by 2012, down $ 63,459 million in value. PepsiCo is in the process of diversification, but is likely to feel the impact of the projected decline. Potential Negative Impact of Government Regulations – It is anticipated that government initiatives related to environmental, health and safety may have the potential to negatively impact PepsiCo. For example, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of food products may be altered as a result of state, federal or local dictates. Preliminary studies on acrylamide seem to suggest that it may cause cancer in laboratory animals when consumed in significant amounts. If the company has to comply with a related regulation and add warning labels or place warnings in certain locations where its products are sold, a negative impact may result for PepsiCo. Intense Competition – The Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCo’s primary competitors. But others include Nestle, Groupe Danone and Kraft Foods. Intense competition may influence pricing, advertising, sales promotion initiatives undertaken by PepsiCo. Resently Coca-Cola passed PepsiCo in Juice sales. Potential Disruption Due to Labor Unrest – Based upon recent history, PepsiCo may be vulnerable to strikes and other labor disputes. In 2008 a strike in India shut down production for nearly an entire month. This disrupted both manufacturing and distribution. MICHAEL PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL: MICHAEL PORTER’S 5 FORCES ANALYSIS: Porter's five forces  is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by  Michael. E. Porter  of  Harvard Business School  in  1979. It draws upon  Industrial Organization (IO) economics  to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a  market. Barriers to Entry: * Bottling Network: Both Coke and PepsiCo have franchisee agreements with their existing bottlers who have rights in a certain geographic area in perpetuity. These agreements prohibit bottler’s from taking on new competing brands for similar products. Also with the recent consolidation among the bottler’s and the backward integration with both Coke and Pepsi buying significant per cent of bottling companies, it is very difficult for a firm entering to find bottler’s willing to distribute their product. * Advertising Spend: The advertising and marketing spend in the industry is  in 2009  was around $ 2. billion (0. 40 per case * 6. 6 billion cases) mainly by Coke, Pepsi and their bottler’s. The average advertisement spending per point of market share in 2000 was 8. 3 million . This makes it extremely difficult for an entrant to compete with the incumbents and gain any visibility. * Brand Image / Loyalty: Coke and Pepsi have a long history of heavy advertising and this has earned them huge amount of brand equity and loyal customer’s all over the world. This makes it virtually impossible for a new entrant to match this scale in this market place. * Retailer Shelf Space (Retail Distribution): Retailers enjoy significant margins of 15-20% on these soft drinks for the shelf space they offer. These margins are quite significant for their bottom-line. This makes it tough for the new entrants to convince retailers to carry/substitute their new products for Coke and Pepsi. * Fear of Retaliation: To enter into a market with entrenched rival behemoths like Pepsi and Coke is not easy as it could lead to price wars which affect the new comer. So, it is explicit from these factors that entry to this industry for new player is tough as the existing brands are pretty strong. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The major channels for the Soft Drink industry are food stores, Fast food fountain, vending, convenience stores and others in the order of market share. The profitability in each of these segments clearly illustrate the buyer power and how different buyers pay different prices based on their power to negotiate. * Food Stores: These buyers in this segment are somewhat consolidated with several chain stores and few local supermarkets, since they offer premium shelf space they command lower prices, the net operating profit before tax (NOPBT) for concentrate producer’s in this segment is $0. 23/case Convenience Stores: This segment of buyer’s is extremely fragmented and hence has to pay higher prices; NOPBT here is  $0. 69 /case. * Fountain: This segment of buyer’s are the least profitable because of their large amount of purchases hey make, it allows them to have freedom to negotiate. Coke and Pepsi primarily consider this segment â€Å"Paid Sampling† with low margins. NOPBT in this segment is  Ã‚  $0. 09 /case. * Vending: This channel serves the customer’s directly with absolutely no power with the buyer, hence NOPBT of $0. 97/case. The level of bargaining power differs among groups of buyers. Therefore, buying power of buyers is moderate. Threat of Substitutes: * There are a large number of substitutes available for the carbonated beverages like juices, water, alcoholic drinks, tea, coffee etc. However, each company has a significant presence in the substitute market so that they can leverage upon the sales of these drinks. Because the substitute products are mostly included in each manufacturer’s product portfolio, the threat of substitutes is low. Internal Rivalry: * The Concentrate Producer industry can be classified as a Duopoly with Pepsi and Coke as the firms competing. The market share of the rest of the competition is too small to cause any upheaval of pricing or industry structure. Pepsi and Coke mainly over the years competed on differentiation and advertising rather than on pricing except for a period in the 1990’s. This prevented a huge dent in profits. Pricing wars are however a feature in their international expansion strategies. * In a maturing market such as the domestic carbonated sodas, the only way to gain market share is to steal from one’s rivals. Thus, Pepsi and Coke fight heatedly over prices, suppliers, spokespeople, retail space and most importantly, the taste buds of  consumers. So, the internal rivalry is quite cut-throat. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: * Most of the raw materials needed to produce concentrate are basic commodities like  Colour, flavour, caffeine or additives, sugar, packaging. Essentially these are basic commodities. The producers of these products have no power over the pricing hence the suppliers in this industry are weak. 4P STRATEGY OF PEPSICO PRODUCT: The main product of PepsiCo in the beverages market is the flagship soft drink ‘Pepsi’. The aerated drink is a widely accepted and popular thirst quencher around the world. The Pepsi-Cola drink contains basic ingredients found in most other similar drinks including carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, sugar, colourings, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid and natural flavours. Some other popular products by Pepsi are: 1. Diet Pepsi 2. Aquafina 3. Gatorade 4. Mirinda 5. Mountain Dew 6. Slice 7. Tropicana Juices Both the companies Coke and Pepsi have a number of products. Many of these products are innovations but there are also many products which are brought out just as a competitive product for the other companies. These products are merely launched as a result of the ’cola wars’. Ex: 1. Diet Coke V Diet Pepsi 2. Maaza V Slice 3. Sprite V 7Up 4. Fanta V Mirinda 5. Minute Maid V Tropicana [Strategy being used: Envelopment Strategy  (also called encirclement strategy) – This is a much broader but subtle offensive strategy. It involves encircling the target competitor. This can be done in two ways. You could introduce a range of products that are similar to the target product. Each product will liberate some market share from the target competitor’s product, leaving it weakened, demoralized, and in a state of siege. If it is done stealthily, a full scale confrontation can be avoided. ] PRICE: Pepsi has always had to price its product according to the trend in the industry. Since aerated drinks are often homogenous, Pepsi and Coke alike have had to indulge in a strategy of ‘competitive pricing’. However, the two companies have also tried to make changes in these patterns as Coke introduced Rs. 5 bottle for rural markets. Pepsi has also never been shy of reducing its price to match the competition and has been flexible in lowering its price to match competition. STRATEGY: COMPETITIVE PRICING: Setting the price of a product or service  based on  what the competition is charging. . This type of pricing strategy is generally  used once a price for a product or service has reached a level of equilibrium, which often occurs when a product has been on the market for a long time and there are many substitutes for the product. ] PLACE: Pepsi has spread its reach worldwide and into all p ossible channels. Pepsi products are commonly available at supermarkets, vending machines, mom-&-pop stores, department stores, general stores and convenience stores. Pepsi is also available at many restaurants and cafes through exclusive contracts and deals with these restaurant owners. Coke’s channel also is based on similar lines, to penetrate the market to the maximum extent and increase the availability and points of purchase for consumers. PROMOTION: The promotional strategies of Pepsi are very aggressive especially in the advertising domain. Pepsi has taken Coke head on, in all areas such as Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public relations. Scores of legendary slogans, high-profile celebrity endorsements have marked a very public promotional tussle between cola giants Pepsi & Coke. One popular example is the â€Å"There's nothing official about it† campaign in 1996-97 (During the Wills World Cup (cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka) when Coke had won the official sponsorship of the world cup. PEPSI’s COMPETITIVE STRATEGY WITH RESPECT TO COKE: Pepsi & Coke have been involved a legendary struggle for capturing market share worldwide. They have been competing with the strengths of one another and targeting the weaknesses. They have been involved in many marketing warfare strategies to gain an edge over each other & as a follower; Pepsi has given a great challenge to Coke in all aspects of the business. Let alone leaving the corporate strategies, Pepsi and Coke have even competed in Outer Space by trying to launch aboard the  Space Shuttle Challenger  on  STS-51-F. The companies had designed special cans (officially the Carbonated Beverage Dispenser Evaluation payload or CBDE) to test packaging and dispensing techniques for use in  zero G  conditions. The experiment was classified a  failure by the shuttle crew, primarily due to the lack of both  refrigeration  and  gravity. Some of Pepsi’s strategies include: BYPASS ATTACK: Here marketing takes a Machiavellian turns where you pretend to neglect the direct competitor and instead work on expanding your resource base. Key considerations are consolidating your base and building up to a frontal or flank attack. * Summer of 98? – Pepsi buys Tropicana for $3. 3billion. buying the market leader in the OJ space helps it compete directly against Coke’s Minute Maid. * 2000 – Pepsi buys Quaker Oats, the owner of Gatorade another dominant player in the sports drink market (80% market share as opposed to Coke’s Powerade) for $14 billion. Earlier in the program, Pepsi develops its bottled water brand Aquafina which now commands a 14% market share as opposed to Coke at 11% and Poland springs at 10%. * Moral of this story: You may lose the brand war with your flagship product but could win the overall EBIT war with your family of brands. FLANK ATTACK: 1. Avoid areas of likely confrontation. A flanking move always occurs in an uncontested area . 2. Make your move quickly and stealthily. The element of surprise is worth more than a thousand tanks. 3. Make moves that the target will not find threatening enough to respond decisively to. In 1915, Coke announced a 6. ounce bottle in an innovative style. Pepsi introduced a bigger bottle for the same price and did not leave Coke with many options to retaliate because Coke could not change its bottle since that was the innovation & the vending machines for these bottles could also not fit a nickel coin, which was the competitive price at which Pepsi was selling its bigger bottle. This strategy was a successful flank attack by Pepsi as it is designed to pressure the flank of the enemy line so the flank turns inward. You make gains while the enemy line is in chaos. In doing so, you avoid a head-on confrontation with the main force. The disadvantage with a flanking attack is that it can draw resources away from your centre defence, making you vulnerable to a head-on attack. GUERRILLA MARKETING: Aggressive marketing techniques are used more covertly by large organisations to improve advertising impact and reduce the likelihood of competitors’ retaliation. Pepsi’s   Ã¢â‚¬Å"There's nothing official about it† campaign in 1996-97 (During the Wills World Cup (cricket) held in India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka) when Coke had won the official sponsorship of the world cup was a great example of Guerrilla Marketing where they leveraged upon Coke’s sponsorship with a great slogan and a lower cost. FRONTAL ATTACK: in India, Coca-cola continually launches against its customary rival Pepsi. Of course, Coke in India attacks Pepsi because not only can it match up with Pepsi, which still is the market leader in India, but also gives it a severe psychological trouble with its dominant flanking brand, Thums Up. According to statistics, Thums Up is the number 2 brand in the Indian soft drink industry, third being Coke itself. Coke’s inexorable attack on Pepsi on the too sweet taste of the latter (Offensive Principle 2: Find a weakness in the leader’s strength and attack at that point), also creates a huge psychosomatic incongruity. Coke being worldwide superior to Pepsi is trying to create a battlefield positioning where the ultimate supremacy of the cola war in India goes to Coca-Cola. This is a direct head-on assault. It usually involves marshalling all your resources including a substantial financial commitment. All parts of your company must be geared up for the assault from marketing to production. It usually involves intensive advertising assaults and often entails developing a new product that is able to attack the target competitors’ line where it is strong. It often involves an attempt to â€Å"liberate† a sizable portion of the target’s customer base. In actuality, frontal attacks are rare. There are two reasons for this: * Firstly, they are expensive. Many valuable resources will be used and lost in the assault. * Secondly, frontal attacks are often unsuccessful. If defenders are able to re-deploy their resources in time, the attacker’s strategic advantage is lost. The strategy is suitable when * the market is relatively homogeneous * brand equity  is low * customer loyalty is low * products are poorly  differentiated the target competitor has relatively limited resources * the attacker has relatively strong resources Elsewhere in the world, Pepsi is the one who takes Coke head-on in terms of advertisements, sponsorships, exclusive deals, product line etc. ENCIRCLEMENT STRATEGY: Pepsi has taken Coke up not only on the Cola beverage front but also tackles its many variants and product lines. This is a much broa der but subtle offensive strategy. It involves encircling the target competitor. This can be done in two ways. You could introduce a range of products that are similar to the target product. Each product will liberate some market share from the target competitor’s product, leaving it weakened, demoralized, and in a state of siege. If it is done stealthily, a full scale confrontation can be avoided. Alternatively, the encirclement can be based on market niches rather than products. The attacker expands the market niches that surround and encroach on the target competitor’s market. This encroachment liberates market share from the target. Pepsi has launched many competitive products to match Coke and has not shied away from investing in innovative products and fighting for market share. Some of these competitive products are: 6. Diet Coke V Diet Pepsi 7. Maaza V Slice 8. Sprite V 7Up 9. Fanta V Mirinda 10. Minute Maid V Tropicana PRICING WARS: As far as pricing is concerned, Pepsi has always been the follower since Coke was the first brand to enter the market. Coke had recently trumped Pepsi with the introduction of its Rs. 5 bottle to penetrate rural markets. This strategy had been fairly successful and Pepsi had to lower its price to compete with the innovative pricing. Since both products are homogeneous in nature, the nature of pricing has to become cooperative and similar. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY: Pepsi ; Coke are not only infiltrating markets by putting their bottles in general stores, supermarkets, mom ; pop stores, convenience stores, fountain sodas ; vending machines but they are also snagging exclusive deals with global and local food chains. Pizza Hut which is run by Pepsico’s Yum! Brands Inc. only serves Pepsi on its menu. Coke, meanwhile, just scored a big coup by winning the soft-drink business at Subway, a fast-food chain now bigger than McDonald’s, which had previously served only Pepsi. In Conclusion, we see that Pepsi ; Coke have been involved in a long and bitter battle as they exist in hyper markets and battle out an oligopolistic market situation. This condition has forced advertising costs to sky-rocket and employment of various tactics and strategies to gain market share across the globe. RECOMMENDATIONS ANSOFF’S MATRIX The Ansoff Growth matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoff’s product/market growth matrix suggests that a business’ attempts to grow depend on whether it markets new or existing  products in  new or existing markets. The output from the Ansoff product/market matrix is a series of suggested growth strategies that set the direction for the business strategy. These are described below: Market penetration Market penetration is the name given to a growth strategy where the business focuses on selling existing products into existing markets. Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: †¢ Maintain or increase the market share of current products – this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling †¢ Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors †¢ Increase usage by existing customers – for example by introducing loyalty schemes A market penetration marketing s trategy is very much about â€Å"business as usual†. The business is focusing on markets and products it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that this strategy will require much investment in new market research. Market development Market development is the name given to a growth strategy where the business seeks to sell its existing products into new markets. There are many possible ways of approaching this strategy, including: †¢ New geographical markets; for example exporting the product to a new country Product development Product development is the name given to a growth strategy where a business aims to introduce new products into existing markets. This strategy may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets. Diversification Diversification is the name given to the growth strategy where a business markets new products in new markets. Having analysed the various aspects of soft drinks industry in India and with reference to Ansoff’s model, Pepsi could launch a new product in the existing Indian market. This new product will be vitamin and nutrients enriched water. The new product will be called as PEPSI FRESH. STP ANALYSIS Segmentation: Target: Our main target is the affluent society in India where there has been no product ever launched by Pepsi in this category. We also target the Old Aged People for coming into the age bracket from 35 + and the health conscious people. Positioning: It is a highly differentiated product as no product has been introduced by pepsi or its competitors in this category. This would target the health conscious and the affluent. Marketing Mix: 4P Strategy Marketing mix is the process of designing and integrating various elements of marketing in such a way as to ensure the achievement of enterprise objectives. Marketing mix is a combination of marketing tools that are used to satisfy customers and company objectives. Creating a successful marketing mix that will increase results often takes experimenting and market research. The constituents of marketing mix are given below: PRODUCT Product refers to a physical product or a service or an idea which a consumer needs and for which he is ready to pay. Physical products include tangible goods like grocery items, garments etc. Services are intangible products which are offered and purchased by consumers. Services may involve also an innovative idea on any aspect of operation. A product is the key element of any marketing mix. The decisions concerning product may relate to – Product attributes * Branding * Packaging and labelling * Product support service * Product mix. Pepsi can launch this new product, called PEPSI FRESH, a vitamin and nutrient enriched water as India is a huge market for beverage industry with its population size of 1. 2 billion. This product is a product related to the health of the people and also the basic need i. e. , wat er. U. S. Consumption of carbonated soft drinks has steadily declined in the past decade. Part of that comes down to the array of alternative beverages the market now offers. Part of it comes down to health concerns in a nation with an obesity problem. In that spirit, Pepsi is focusing more on water, juices, teas and sports drinks. Pepsi’s top brands in those areas include Aquafina and Gatorade. And while it trails in soft drink sales, it leads the world in ready-to-drink teas through Lipton, while its Tropicana wins out in juices/nectars. The company is betting big on creating healthy foods through its Quaker Oats, Gatorade and Tropicana divisions. And it just began the Global Nutrition Group to deliver breakthrough products. As Caroline Levy, a CLSA analyst, noted, â€Å"PepsiCo is currently focused on better-for-you† products. So, our product will perfectly fit in their strategy. Attributes: * Flavours: Pepsi could provide 5-6 good flavours in this product. * Benefits: Vitamin water does feature multiple vitamins that are good for the body. One bottle of â€Å"FRESH† has 40 per cent of your daily value of vitamin C, and 20 per cent of your daily value of vitamins B3, B5, B6 and B12. * Branding: Pepsi has the advantage of number 1 player in the Indian beverages market. It is having huge capital reserves to fund its new product. The logo used for this could be PRICING Price is the amount charged for a product or service. It is the consideration paid by consumers for the benefit of using any product or service. Price fixation is an important aspect of marketing. There may be two types of Price fixation: * Cost based approach: This is the simplest method of pricing. Generally companies add a certain percentage of Profit, to the total cost of the product. The total cost of the product is calculated after taking all types of costs into consideration. While following this approach, no other factors e. g. prices of substitute goods, nature of demand, etc. are considered. * Competition-based approach : The prices are determined on the basis of conditions in the market. Companies may follow any one of the following three approaches. a) Price-in-line b) Market-plus c) Market-minus Price-in-line means prices fixed nearly equal to the prices of close alternatives. Generally this happens under free market conditions i. e. when the number of buyers and sellers is so large that they cannot affect the prices. When companies charge (fix up) a price which is more than the price of existing substitutes, it is called market plus pricing. This approach is adopted when the quality of a product is better, or it has a popular brand name, or its packaging is attractive and useful. Consumers will pay more only when they find distinctive differences in the product and its substitutes. Sometimes business enterprises get ready to supply products at a price lower than the market price. It may be adopted to grab a larger market share or to make a newly introduced product more popular. This approach is called market-minus approach. Companies having shorter channels of distributions or direct selling facilities can afford to fix a price lower than the prevailing market price. We will price the product in a higher segment above the normal mineral water. We will do some cost-revenue analysis to come up with the price. Basis and Assumptions: Total Fixed Cost Total (Rs. in lakhs) * Land & Building 50. 00 * Plant & Machinery 40. 00 * Other fixed assets10. 00 Total 100. 00 Cost of Production (Per annum) Total (Rs. in lakhs) * Working capital 350. 00 * Depreciation on building1. 50 @ 5% per annum. * Depreciation on plant & 3. 50 Machinery @ 10% per annum * Interest @ 15%18. 00 Total 373. 00 Sales Forecast = 45 lakh bottles Now, Total cost = Total fixed cost + Cost of Production = 100 + 373 = Rs. 473. 00 lakhs. Cost per bottle = 473/45 = Rs. 10. 5 Now, Price per bottle = 10. 5 + 138% mark-up = Rs. 25 per bottle. PLACE Place is another important aspect of 4P strategy. This refers to how an organization will distribute the product or service they are offering to the end user. The organization must distribute the product to the user at the right place at the right time. Efficient and effective distribution is important if the organization is to meet its overall marketing objectives. If an organization underestimates demand and customers cannot purchase products because of it, profitability will be affected. Pepsi can distribute this product through following channels: * Supermarkets. * Hypermarkets. * Convenience stores. * Institutional Tie-ups. * Public places like airports, multiplexes etc. PROMOTION Promotion refers to using methods of communication with two objectives: (i) informing the existing and potential consumers about a product, and (2) to persuade consumers to buy the product. It is an important element of marketing mix. In the absence of communication, consumers may not be aware of the product and its potential to satisfy their needs and desires. Techniques used in the promotion of project: * Advertising: * Advertising budget will be huge. * Advertising will be continued the entire year round. * Media Classes to be used: TV, Magazines and Radio. * Channel Genres: Entertainment, English Movies, Hindi movies, Music and Sports. * Day-Parts: All the day with heavy advertising in Prime time. * Sales Promotion: * Discounts will be given for the first month to entice the customers to use the product. * Extra incentives will be given to heavy selling retailers. * Free gifts can be given to the lucky customers. * Events: The Product will be launched with inauguration of Champions League T 20 Cricket tournament. Pepsi Fresh will be the main sponsor of the event. The promotional banners will look like this: ADVERTISING STRATEGY: After the liberalization policy in 1991 when Coke re-entered India, it found Pepsi had already established itself in the soft drinks market. The global advertisement wars between the cola giants quickly spread to India as well. Internationally, Pepsi had always been seen as the more aggressive and offensive of the two, and its advertisements the world over were believed to be more popular than Coke's. It was rumoured that at any given point of time, both the companies had their spies in the other camp. The advertising agencies of both the companies (Leo Burnett for Coke and HTA for Pepsi) were also reported to have insiders in each other's offices who reported to their respective heads on a daily basis. Pepsi has focused on ‘Youth’ centric values by using young celebrities such as Ranbir Kapoor and cricketers for its advertisements, also incorporating taglines such as ‘Yeh hai youngistaan meri jaan’. Internationally too, Pepsi has always had a young target audience. Many of their ads were historically targeted at teens and even pre-teens and are injected with fun, sports and most often, music. Pepsi has leveraged all manner of musical celebrities over the years, from Ray Charles to Britney Spears. Coca-Cola ads depict human experience in two primary ways. First, long before global branding was the trend it is today, Coca-Cola was embracing diversity. This can be clearly seen in its long-running â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke† series of ads, depicting people from all over the globe joining together in Coke and song. Further, Coca-Cola has long been vailable in one form or another in countries all across the world and it’s even rumoured to be the most recognizable brand, logo and even word on the planet (the latter with the possible exception of â€Å"ok†). When Coca-Cola ads aren’t targeting worldwide diversity, they still possess a strong sense of community and overcoming differences and hardship throug h universal similarities such as a love for Coke. P P Pepsi has also paid close attention to its Packaging and always comes up with innovative cans, bottling and frequently changes it logo. However, Coke is not similar in this respect and only makes minor changes in its logos and cans. Coke has so far indulged in emotional marketing and tried to tap into the sentiment of Indian values by focusing on family packs, diwali advertisements and rural markets. Some legendary campaigns include: * The Pepsi Challenge ads showing people doing blind taste tests kicked off the fun in 1975. * In 1985 both were launched into space aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger with specially designed cans, although the crew considered both failures. * Over the years the formula was tweaked so that Pepsi ads featured celebrities stressing the drink was the â€Å"The Choice of a New Generation†. By the 1990s the Pepsi strategy revolved around consumers being invited to â€Å"Drink Pepsi, Get Stuff† by collecting Pepsi Points on packages and cups which they could redeem for lifestyle merchandise. Millions took part and the Pepsi Stuff campaign was considered a huge success. MARKET SEGMENTATION AND DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY OF PEPSICO CURRENT SITUATION: * PepsiCo has ample opportunities to increase their market share and to grow if they concentrate on market diversification. * Pepsi and coke both have almost the same market share, but the markets where their strengths lie are different. The general market is dominated by Pepsi whereas restaurants, colleges, cinema halls are dominated by coke. * In Pakistan where PepsiCo has nearly 60% market share and its nearest competitor is coke. Coke is already devising strategies to become the market leader from follower in Pakistan. * Loyalty toward the brand â€Å"Pepsi† is relatively low in the Indian market. * Their marke t share in the Indian rural segment is low compared to coke. * Low productivity. WHAT PEPSICO CAN DO? * Pepsi’s primary consumers are teenagers, young and adults. So Pepsi can diversify their target market a bit and target these teenagers at clubs, restaurants, cinema halls etc, where coke has substantial share. * Concentrate more on the rural markets which has a lot of potential. Widen their distribution network; know what the consumers in that market want. Already coke presence in rural market through it’s â€Å"thanda matlab coca-cola† ad campaign. Through proper promotion and distribution channels Pepsi can catch up with coke in the fast-growing rural market. * Pepsi has a loyal customer base in Pakistan. It should not lose out this segment to coke. People who are already brand conscious use Pepsi. Hence they should concentrate on reinforcing their brand image and maintain the loyalty towards their brand. By doing so they can easily penetrate the other near-by markets, which will be a huge advantage. * Pepsi depends a lot on the US market. Hence it should diversify its market on a large scale and allocate necessary budgets for achieving desired results. Even though it’s long-term, strategies regarding which markets to enter and necessary budget allocations must be made now and must be implemented at the right time. Different growth strategies are appropriate for companies operating in different types of markets and Pepsi should decide on different strategic options according to the stage they are in their organizations life cycle. * Despite efforts made by PepsiCo to retain its customers through extensive marketing strategies and consumer loyalty programs, consumers are not loyal. Hence they should turn their strategies t owards building loyalty among consumers by affecting their purchasing decisions and at the same time diversify to other markets. Relying solely on one consumer market may prove harmful in the long-run and also it will be in line with other strategic decisions as discussed above. * PepsiCo’s diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands generates annual sales of over $1,000 million. But having said that PepsiCo has approximately 198,000 employees and its revenue per employee is $219,439, which is lower than that of its competitors. This may indicate comparatively low productivity on the part of PepsiCo employees. To achieve strategic goals like market diversification, budget allocation plays a very important role and is crucial for success. Hence cutting down on costs and improving productivity must also be taken care of. * PepsiCo has been using all four marketing strategies from Ansoff’s matrix. Each strategy contributed to the company’s overall success but the diversification strategy seems to be the most favorable strategy for Pepsi, given the present market conditions. * By capturing various markets one at a time using different but appropriate strategies, Pepsi can become the market leader in the long run. HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGIES OF PEPSICO LEADERSHIP AT PEPSICO INSIDERS AT PEPSICO INC (PEP) Name (Connections)| | Title| Type of Board Member| Age| Indra Nooyi | | | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer| –| 55| Eric Foss | | | Chairman of Pepsi Bottling Group, Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi Bottling Group and Chief Executive Officer of Pepsi Beverages Company| –| 52| Robert Pohlad | | | Chairman of PepsiAmericas and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiAmericas| –| 56| Irene Rosenfeld | | | Chairman of Frito-Lay North America Division and Chief Executive Officer of Frito-Lay North America Division| –| 57| Other Board Members on Board* Name (Connections)| | | Primary Company| Age| Ray Hunt | | | | Hunt Consolidated, Inc. | 67| Arthur Martinez | | | | Sears Investment Management Company| 72| Dina Dublon | | | | Microsoft Corporation| 57| James Schiro | | | | Zurich International (Bermuda) Ltd. | 65| Sharon Rockefeller | | | | Pepsico, Inc. | 66| Daniel Vasella M. D. | | | | Novartis AG| 57| Victor Dzau M. D. | | | | Kearny Venture Partners| 65| Alberto Ibarguen | | | | John S. & James L. Knight Foundation| 67| Ian Cook | | | | Colgate-Palmolive Co. | 58| Lloyd Trotter Ph. D. | | | GenNx360 Capital Partners| 65| Shona Brown | | | | Google In| | Human Resource Planning In Pepsi For Human resource planning the strategic goals and objectives are the key activities. Same is the case in the Pepsi. With the start of the season the goals and objectives are set. The goals of the organization are * To provide quality product by meeting customer demands. * To remain market leader and provide continuous improvement in its brand quality. * To provide good services to customers, employees, communities, and the environment. Human Resource Planning Process in Pepsi In Pepsi managerial estimates are used to determine the total future need of Human Resources in the organization. Than human resource department take actions to fulfill these needs. The employees hired both on permanent basis and temporary basis. After the season the temporary employees are layoffs. Normally the temporary employees are hired in production department. Tools and Techniques of Human Resource Planning Many tools are available to assist in human resource planning. In Pepsi the most commonly used tools are 1) Succession Planning. (Managerial employees) 2) HRIS (non managerial employees) Recruitment in Pepsi In Pepsi the issue of employees hiring is more critical as compare to other organizations because there is cyclical demand for employees. Pepsi uses both methods internal and external for recruitment depending upon the number of the employees required. Internal Recruitment Methods External recruitment is necessary for the organizations like Pepsi that are rapidly growing because there are large demand of people and internal sources are not sufficient to fulfill this demand. Pepsi use following methods of internal recruitment to attract their existing employees to apply for jobs available in Pepsi 1) Job Posting and Biddings ) Memos to Supervisors External Recruitment Methods Pepsi also use external recruitment methods to recruit a pool a qualified employees so that the most suitable persons can be hired for the job vacancies available in organization. Pepsi use the following external methods of recruitment 1) Job advertisement 2) Employees referrals and walk-ins 3) Campus recruiting Who Is Responsible For Recruitment In Pepsi assistant Human Resource Manager Miss Parsa Habib is responsible for both external and internal recruitment. Selection in Pepsi There are two different process of selection in this company for non-managerial and managerial employees Selection process for non-managerial employee Selection process for Managerial employees First the candidate applies or sends their resumes than an entry test is conducted by the organization. If the candidate is successful in this test than he move towards the next step of initial interview and then final selection is conducted by the manager of concern department and he makes the final decision about selection. Orientation in Pepsi Orientation is the process of introducing of new employees to the organization, their work units, and jobs. In Pepsi there are two types of orientation exist. In Pepsi there are two types of orientation exist 1) Official orientation provided by the organization. 2) Unofficial orientation provided by the co-workers. Official orientation is for the managerial employees and unofficial orientations are for the non-managerial employees. Length and Time of Orientation In Pepsi, the length and timing period of the orientation program is very short usually from 1 to 2 hours. Orientation Kit There is no concept of orientation kit in Pepsi. They are not providing their employees orientation Kit. Training in Pepsi Training for new employees is very necessary because without the proper training of employees no organization can achieve maximum output from their employees. Every organization offers their employees training so that they can sharp their skills and perform their jobs well. Pepsi is also offer to their employees training. They are doing both off the job and on the job training. 75% on the job training and remaining is classroom training. Following are the commonly used methods of training in Pepsi * Understudy assignment. * Coaching. * Classrooms training. * University and professional associations. Off the job training methods are used by the non-managerial employees or technical staff. Classrooms training and university and professional association are generally used for managerial employees. Who Train the Employees? In case of non-managerial employees training the immediate manager train the employees. This is for 3 days to 1 Month. For managerial employees Pepsi hire professional trainer. This training is held Hotels. This training is for 3 days to 15 days. Training Evaluation In Pepsi, there are no proper training evaluation system exists. Career Planning In Pepsi Pepsi provide career development opportunity only for managerial employee. . In Pepsi there is no concept of career development for the non-managerial employees because of this there is a very high employee turnover rate in Pepsi. Performance management system in Pepsi Performance management system is the important components of human resource management. Through this the organization identifies the strong and weak points of their employees and tries to rectify them. In Pepsi they have no proper way of evaluating the performance of their employees. Compensation and Benefits in Pepsi Compensation and Benefits motivates the employees and these must be offer by the organization. In Pepsi there is no concept of compensation and benefits for the non-managerial employees but Pepsi offer benefits and incentives to the managerial employees. These includes * Medical allowances * House rent * Education allowances * Convince allowances Recommendation Increase compensation and benefits to retain their existing employees also should have a better career development strategy to make it happen for their employees to go up the organizational hierarchy. * A better orientation strategy should be adopted to socialize their employees with the organizational rules and regulation also they should provide orientation kit to its employees * Career developmen t is necessary in every organization. Because it something that makes employees satisfied and increase their performances level ultimately this increase organization productivity. This is also helpful in achieving organization objectives. * Training Evaluation is very necessary because there are a lot of benefits of training Evaluation. We come to know our strengths and weaknesses through training evaluation, thus PepsiCo should have a mechanism to evaluate it. BOTTLING STRATEGY The Pepsi Bottling Group, Inc. was the world's largest bottler of Pepsi-Cola beverages. PBG sales of Pepsi-Cola beverages accounted for more than one-half of the Pepsi-Cola beverages sold in the United States and Canada and about 40 per cent worldwide. PBG had the exclusive right to manufacture, sell and distribute Pepsi-Cola beverages in all or a portion of 43 states, the District of Columbia, nine Canadian provinces, Spain, Greece, Russia, Turkey and Mexico. Approximately 70 per cent of PBG's volume was sold in the United States and Canada. Pepsi Bottling Group was based in Somers, New York. On August 4, 2009 The Pepsi Bottling Group and another major Pepsi bottler, PepsiAmericas, were purchased by PepsiCo, headquartered in Purchase, New York. The purchases were completed on February 26, 2010, forming a wholly owned PepsiCo subsidiary, the Pepsi Beverages Company (PBC). PBG's largest operations are in its North American and Western European markets, which have recently been hit by declining consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Consumer preferences have been shifting away from carbonated soft drinks, which accounted for around two-thirds of PBG's 2006 units, to healthier alternatives. The prices of production inputs, especially aluminium and corn, have been rising as well, putting additional pressure on PBG's profits. Despite these difficulties, PBG has performed relatively well. The Pepsi brands are very well known and enjoy significant brand loyalty. PBG's international markets have seen steady growth, helping to offset the sluggish domestic market. Also, PBG's performance is inherently tied to that of PEP, providing PBG with a certain degree of security in the highly competitive non-alcoholic beverage market. STATISTICS We see that the profit for the year 2006 was 5,830 million. When pepsi overtook 2 bottling plants it resulted in saving of 15 cense per bottle manufactured. It increased the gross profits to 6,210 million by the end of 2008. Pepsi already owns 33. 1 per cent of PBG stock and 43 per cent of PAS and since both bottlers have reported good FQ results and have increased their earnings forecast for the year, analysts believe that it is highly likely that even PAS will reject Pepsi's offer. While making the offer, Pepsi had said that the consolidation of its bottlers would bring in a saving at least $600 million a year, but PBG believes that the synergies would bring in savings in multiples of $600 million, based on its own internal analysis. This brings the profit statistics to